Maziko Oyesera Maganizo
Kuyesa kwa malingaliro ndi chida chofunikira kwambiri mu ziwerengero zoganizira, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zisankho kapena ziganizo zokhudza anthu kutengera zitsanzo. M'magawo osiyanasiyana, kuyambira sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu mpaka sayansi yachilengedwe, kuyesa malingaliro ndikofunikira kwambiri potsimikizira malingaliro ndi malingaliro omwe aperekedwa. Nkhaniyi ifufuza mozama mfundo zoyambira za kuyesa malingaliro, masitepe ofunikira pakuchita mayeso a malingaliro, mitundu ya mayeso a malingaliro, ndi zitsanzo zingapo zenizeni.
Kodi Kuyesa kwa Hypothesis ndi Chiyani?
Kuyesa kwa Hypothesis ndi njira yowerengera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mawu kapena zomwe akunena zokhudza anthu. Malingaliro amagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: null hypothesis (H0) ndi alternative hypothesis (H1). Null hypothesis imati palibe zotsatira kapena kusiyana komwe kumawoneka, pomwe alternative hypothesis imati pali zotsatira kapena kusiyana.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati tikufuna kudziwa ngati mankhwala atsopano ndi othandiza kwambiri kuposa placebo, lingaliro lopanda pake linganene kuti mankhwala atsopano si othandiza kwambiri kuposa placebo (H0), pomwe lingaliro lina linganene kuti mankhwala atsopano ndi othandiza kwambiri (H1).
Mayendedwe Oyesera Maganizo
Zotsatirazi ndi njira zoyambira poyesa lingaliro.
1. Kupanga Malingaliro: Gawo loyamba poyesa malingaliro ndikupanga lingaliro lopanda pake (H0) ndi lingaliro lina (H1). Mwachitsanzo, pankhani ya mankhwala, H0: Mankhwala atsopano sagwira ntchito bwino kuposa placebo. H1: Mankhwala atsopano ndi ogwira ntchito kwambiri kuposa placebo.
2. Kusankha Mulingo Wofunika (\(\alpha\)): Mulingo wofunika ndi kuthekera kopanga cholakwika cha mtundu woyamba - ndiko kuti, kukana lingaliro lopanda pake pamene lingaliro lopanda pake ndi loona. Ma mtengo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri a \(\alpha\) ndi 0.05, 0.01, kapena 0.10.
3. Kusonkhanitsa Deta ya Zitsanzo: Pa gawoli, timasonkhanitsa deta kuchokera kwa anthu pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyenera yopezera zitsanzo. Kenako chitsanzochi chimasanthulidwa kuti chione ngati pali umboni wokwanira wokana lingaliro lopanda pake.
4. Kuwerengera Ziwerengero za Mayeso: Ziwerengero za mayeso ndi mtengo wowerengedwa kuchokera ku zitsanzo zomwe zidzagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga chisankho chokhudza lingaliro lopanda pake. Izi zitha kukhala z-value, t-value, chi-square, kapena F-value, kutengera mtundu wa mayeso omwe akuchitidwa.
5. Kudziwa Dera Lofunika Kwambiri kapena Mtengo wa P: Dera lofunika kwambiri ndi mfundo zomwe zimatipangitsa kukana lingaliro lopanda kanthu ngati ziwerengero za mayeso zili mkati mwa dera limenelo. P-value ndi mwayi wopeza zotsatira zomwe zili zokwera kwambiri monga zotsatira zomwe zawonedwa, ngati lingaliro lopanda kanthu ndi loona.
6. Chisankho: Chisankhocho chimapangidwa poyerekezera ziwerengero za mayeso ndi dera lofunikira kapena kuyerekeza p-value ndi mulingo wofunikira \(\alpha\). Ngati ziwerengero za mayeso zili mkati mwa dera lofunikira kapena p-value ndi yochepera \(\alpha\), ndiye kuti lingaliro lopanda pake limakanidwa.
7. Kutsiliza: Lembani mfundo ndi kunena ngati pali umboni wokwanira wokana lingaliro lopanda pake kapena ayi.
Mitundu ya Mayeso a Hypothesis
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mayeso a hypothesis, kutengera mtundu wa deta ndi cholinga cha kafukufuku. Zina mwa zodziwika kwambiri ndi izi:
1. Mayeso a t a wophunzira: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyerekeza njira za magulu awiri. Amakhala ndi mayeso a chitsanzo chimodzi, awiri odziyimira pawokha, ndi awiriawiri.
2. Mayeso a Chi-Square: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa ubale pakati pa zinthu ziwiri zomwe zili m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ngati pali ubale pakati pa jenda ndi zomwe munthu amakonda.
3. ANOVA (Kusanthula Kusiyana): Imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza avareji ya magulu opitilira awiri. Kusintha kwa deta kumagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana ndi kusiyana mkati mwa magulu.
4. Mayeso a Z: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuchuluka kwa anthu. Kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kukula kwa chitsanzo kuli kwakukulu.
5. Kuyesa kwa F: Kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyerekeza kusiyanasiyana kwa zitsanzo ziwiri kuti zitsimikizire ngati zili ndi kusiyana komweko.
Chitsanzo cha Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kuyesa Maganizo
Kuti timvetse bwino, tiyeni tiwone zitsanzo zina za ntchito zoyesera malingaliro m'magawo osiyanasiyana.
1. Zachipatala: Mu kafukufuku wa zachipatala, kuyezetsa kwa malingaliro kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa momwe mankhwala amagwirira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, kuti aone ngati kuthamanga kwa magazi kwa wodwala kumachepa atamwa mankhwala enaake, ofufuza angagwiritse ntchito mayeso awiri a t-test asanayambe kumwa mankhwalawo komanso atamwa.
2. Zachuma: Kusanthula kubwerera m'mbuyo kuti mudziwe zinthu zomwe zimakhudza GDP ya dziko. Ofufuza angapereke lingaliro lopanda pake lakuti zinthu zodziyimira pawokha monga ndalama zakunja sizikhudza GDP.
3. Zamaganizo: Mwachitsanzo, mu kuyesa kolamulira poyerekeza ndi kuyesa, lingaliro lopanda pake linganene kuti chithandizo chatsopano sichisiyana kwambiri ndi chithandizo chomwe chilipo kale.
4. Kutsatsa: Pofuna kuyesa momwe kampeni yotsatsa imagwirira ntchito, lingaliro lopanda pake linganene kuti palibe kusintha kwa malonda pambuyo pa kampeni.
Mapeto
Kuyesa kwa Hypothesis ndi njira imodzi yayikulu mu ziwerengero zoyerekeza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mawu ena okhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu. Njira zambiri zoyesera hypothesis zikuphatikizapo kupanga hypothesis, kusankha mulingo wofunikira, kusonkhanitsa deta yachitsanzo, kuwerengera ziwerengero za mayeso, ndi kupanga chisankho. Mitundu ya mayeso a hypothesis imasiyana kutengera mawonekedwe a deta ndi cholinga cha kafukufukuyu, ndipo ena mwa iwo ndi ofanana ndi mayeso a t, mayeso a Chi-Square, ANOVA, ndi mayeso a Z. Kumvetsetsa bwino zoyambira za mayeso a hypothesis ndikofunikira m'magawo osiyanasiyana asayansi popanga zisankho zoyendetsedwa ndi deta.
