Lingaliro la Chitukuko cha Anthu mu Chiphunzitso cha Anthu
Mu maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu, zokambirana za "capital" sizimangotanthauza ndalama kapena chuma chokha. Anthu ali ndi zinthu zina zomwe nthawi zambiri sizimaoneka koma zimatsimikiza kwambiri mwayi wa munthu aliyense pa moyo wake komanso ubwino wa moyo wa anthu onse. Limodzi mwa malingaliro ofunikira kwambiri pofotokozera zinthu izi zomwe sizinthu zakuthupi ndi chuma cha anthu. Kawirikawiri, chuma cha anthu chimamveka ngati chuma chomwe chimachokera ku maubwenzi a anthu—monga maukonde, kudalirana, miyambo, ndi maudindo obwezerana—zomwe zimathandiza anthu kugwirizana, kupeza chithandizo, ndi kupeza mwayi. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za lingaliro la chuma cha anthu m'chiphunzitso cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, anthu ofunikira, mawonekedwe ake, ndi momwe chimagwiritsidwira ntchito pomvetsetsa zochitika za anthu.
Chuma Cha Anthu: Tanthauzo Lonse ndi Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri
Ndalama zachikhalidwe nthawi zambiri zimatanthauzidwa ngati zabwino kapena zabwino zomwe anthu kapena magulu amapeza kuchokera ku maubwenzi awo. Maubwenzi amenewa si andale; ali ndi "phindu" lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kukwaniritsa zolinga, monga kupeza ntchito, kusonkhanitsa chidziwitso, kumanga mbiri, kapena kulimbikitsa zochita zamagulu. Ndalama zachikhalidwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zinthu zingapo zofunika:
1. Ma social network: ndani amene amagwirizana ndi ndani, ndi wamkulu bwanji, komanso ndi wolimba bwanji maubwenzi amenewo.
2. Kudalirana: chikhulupiriro chakuti mbali ina idzachita zinthu mosalekeza, sichidzavulaza, ndipo chingadaliridwe.
3. Miyezo ndi makhalidwe ofanana: malamulo osavomerezeka omwe amalimbikitsa mgwirizano, monga miyambo yothandizirana, kuthandizana, kapena maudindo a makhalidwe abwino.
4. Kubwezerana: chizolowezi chopereka ndi kulandira thandizo chomwe chimapanga nthawi yayitali yothandizira.
Zinthu zinayi izi zimasiyanitsa ndalama zothandizira anthu pagulu ndi ndalama zothandizira pachuma (ndalama, chuma) ndi ndalama zothandizira pachikhalidwe (maphunziro, zokonda, maluso). Komabe, ndalama zothandizira anthu pagulu nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mitundu ina iwiri ya ndalama zothandizira: maukonde amatha kufulumizitsa mwayi wopeza maphunziro, ndipo maphunziro amatha kukulitsa maukonde.
Mizu ya Chiphunzitso: Chitukuko cha Anthu mu Chikhalidwe cha Anthu
Lingaliro la kufunika kwa ubale wa anthu linayamba kwa akatswiri akale monga Émile Durkheim ndi Georg Simmel. Durkheim anagogomezera mgwirizano wa anthu ndi kufunika kophatikizana kuti pakhale bata. Simmel anasonyeza momwe mitundu yolumikizirana (monga ma dyad ndi ma triad) imapangira mwayi ndi mikangano m'moyo wa anthu. Komabe, mawu oti "capital social" anakhala lingaliro lamphamvu losanthula makamaka kudzera mu ntchito ya Pierre Bourdieu, James Coleman, ndi Robert Putnam. Aliyense anaika kutsindika kosiyana pa mphamvu ndi kuberekana kwa anthu (Bourdieu), zochita zomveka bwino ndi ntchito za anthu (Coleman), ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa nzika ndi demokalase (Putnam).
Pierre Bourdieu: Chuma Cha Anthu Monga Chitsime Cha Mphamvu
Kwa Pierre Bourdieu, chuma cha anthu ndi kusonkhanitsa zinthu zenizeni komanso zomwe zingatheke zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kukhala ndi ubale wolimba—gulu la anthu odziwana bwino komanso ozindikirana omwe amapindulitsana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kukhala ndi maubwenzi sikutanthauza “kukhala ndi abwenzi” okha, komanso kukhala ndi mwayi wopeza chidziwitso, chithandizo, udindo, ndi mwayi.
Mfundo yaikulu ya Bourdieu ndi yakuti ndalama zothandizira anthu:
- zingasinthidwe kukhala ndalama zachuma (monga kulumikizana kumathandiza kupeza mapangano) kapena ndalama zachikhalidwe (monga mwayi wopita ku masukulu apamwamba);
- zokhudzana kwambiri ndi kusalingana pakati pa anthu, chifukwa magulu odzidalira nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi maukonde olimba komanso "ofunika" kwambiri;
- imagwira ntchito kudzera mu njira zoberekera anthu, monga momwe kusalingana kumakhalira kudzera m'maukonde, makalabu apadera, akatswiri a zachikhalidwe, kapena madera apamwamba.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, ndalama zogwirira ntchito pagulu nthawi zonse sizikhala “zabwino” kapena “zopanda tsankho.” Zingakhale chida chochotsera anthu ena: maukonde apamwamba amatha kuletsa mwayi wopeza anthu akunja, kupanga ubale wapachibale, kapena kukhala ndi ulamuliro.
James Coleman: Chuma Cha Anthu Ndi Ntchito Yake Mu Ntchito Za Anthu
James Coleman amaona chuma cha anthu potengera lingaliro la kusankha mwanzeru, lokhala ndi gawo la chikhalidwe cha anthu. Akugogomezera kuti chuma cha anthu sichili mwa munthu payekha, koma chimakhazikika m'maubwenzi. Chuma cha anthu ndi chofunika chifukwa chimapangitsa kuti zinthu ziyende bwino: chimapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano, chimachepetsa ndalama zogulira zinthu, komanso chimawonjezera kutsata malamulo.
Coleman akukambirana za mitundu ya ndalama zothandizira anthu monga:
- maudindo ndi ziyembekezo (anthu amathandiza chifukwa pali chiyembekezo cha kubwezerana);
- njira zodziwitsira (ma network amapereka chidziwitso chokhudza ntchito, maphunziro, kapena mwayi);
- malamulo ndi zilango (gulu logwirizana limatha kutsata malamulo kuti mamembala ake asavulaze ena).
Coleman nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha mabanja ndi madera pothandizira maphunziro a ana. Malo okhala ndi anthu omwe amaphatikizapo kumvetsetsana, kuyang'anira mwachangu, ndi malamulo olimba angathandize kuti maphunziro apambane, ngakhale chuma chitakhala chochepa.
Robert Putnam: Chuma Cha Anthu, Kutenga nawo Mbali kwa Anthu, ndi Demokalase
Robert Putnam adatchulira za chuma cha anthu pophunzira za ubwino wa demokalase ndi momwe mabungwe amagwirira ntchito. Anagogomezera chuma cha anthu monga chizindikiro cha moyo wa anthu—maukonde, miyambo, ndi kudalirana—komwe kumathandiza kuti pakhale mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano kuti pakhale phindu pakati pa anthu. Putnam amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha kusanthula kwake kuchepa kwa kutenga nawo mbali kwa nzika m'mabungwe a anthu, komwe adafotokoza ndi fanizo la "bowling yokha," komwe anthu amakhalabe otanganidwa koma osatenga nawo mbali kawirikawiri m'mabungwe.
Mu njira ya Putnam, ndalama zogwirira ntchito pagulu zimagwirizana ndi:
- kudalirana kwakukulu pakati pa anthu;
- kutenga nawo mbali kwakukulu kwa anthu ammudzi;
- kuwonjezeka kwa magwiridwe antchito a boma la m'deralo komanso ogwira ntchito limodzi.
Komabe, otsutsa Putnam amanena kuti nthawi zina amagogomezera kwambiri mbali "yogwirizana" ya ndalama za anthu ndipo saganizira kwambiri za ubale wamphamvu ndi kusalingana kwa kapangidwe kake monga momwe Bourdieu adanenera.
Mitundu ya Chuma Cha Anthu: Kugwirizana, Kugwirizanitsa, ndi Kugwirizanitsa
Mu mabuku a mfundo za anthu ndi za boma, ndalama za anthu nthawi zambiri zimasiyanitsidwa m'magulu atatu akuluakulu:
1. Kugwirizanitsa chuma cha anthu: mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa magulu ofanana, monga mabanja, anansi apamtima, kapena mafuko. Ubwino wake ndi monga chithandizo chamaganizo ndi mgwirizano waukulu. Zoyipa zake: zimatha kudzipatula kwa anthu akunja ndikulimbikitsa kudzipatula.
2. Kugwirizanitsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito za anthu: kugwirizanitsa magulu osiyanasiyana, monga magulu osiyanasiyana, zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana, kapena maukonde a akatswiri osiyanasiyana. Izi ndizofunikira pakusinthana chidziwitso, kupanga zatsopano, komanso kuyenda bwino kwa anthu.
3. Kugwirizanitsa ndalama za anthu: ubale wolunjika pakati pa nzika ndi mabungwe amphamvu, monga ubale ndi boma, mabungwe aboma, kapena mabungwe azachuma. Mtundu uwu umatsimikizira mwayi wopeza mautumiki aboma, thandizo la anthu, komanso njira zopangira zisankho.
Mitundu itatu iyi ikusonyeza kuti chuma cha anthu sichimangokhudza "ubwenzi," komanso chimayang'ana komwe ubale ukupita komanso momwe ulili.
Chuma Cha Anthu Pa Moyo Wa Tsiku Ndi Tsiku: Zitsanzo za Kugwiritsa Ntchito
Lingaliro la ndalama zogwirira ntchito za anthu lingathe kufotokoza zochitika zambiri za anthu. Mwachitsanzo:
– Msika wa ntchito: Ntchito zambiri zimapezeka kudzera mu malangizo kapena malo ochezera a pa Intaneti. Chidziwitso chomwe chimafalikira mkati mwa netiweki inayake chingapereke ubwino waukulu kuposa kulembetsa ntchito mwalamulo popanda kulumikizana.
– Maphunziro: Makolo omwe amalumikizana ndi aphunzitsi, makomiti a sukulu, kapena makolo ena nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mwayi wopeza zambiri zokhudza maphunziro, mapulogalamu akuluakulu, kapena maphunziro.
– Kulimba mtima kwa anthu ammudzi: Masoka akachitika, anthu ammudzi omwe ali ndi chikhulupiriro chachikulu komanso maukonde olimba nthawi zambiri amakhala ofulumira kukonza thandizo, kugawana zinthu, ndikubwezeretsa zinthu.
– Ndale za m'deralo: Kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe akutenga nawo mbali pa zokambirana, mabungwe a RT/RW, kapena magulu a anthu kumakhudza kuwonekera bwino komanso udindo wa boma la m'deralo.
Zitsanzo izi zikugogomezera kuti ndalama zothandizira anthu zimagwira ntchito ngati "malo ofunikira pa chikhalidwe cha anthu" omwe nthawi zambiri samawonekera koma ndi ofunikira kwambiri.
Mbali Yoipa ya Chuma Cha Anthu: Kupatula Anthu Ena, Kukonda Ena, ndi Kupanikizika ndi Anthu
Ndalama za anthu nthawi zambiri zimaonedwa kuti ndi zabwino chifukwa zimalimbitsa mgwirizano. Komabe, chikhalidwe cha anthu chikuwonetsanso zotsatira zake zoyipa, kuphatikizapo:
- Kupatula anthu: magulu omwe ali ndi maukonde olimba amatha kutseka mwayi wopeza anthu akunja.
- Kupereka mpata kwa achibale ndi mgwirizano: maubwenzi apamtima amagwiritsidwa ntchito kugawa mwayi mopanda chilungamo.
- Kukakamiza kutsatira malamulo: malamulo a gulu amatha kupondereza ufulu wa munthu aliyense, mwachitsanzo kukakamiza anthu kutsatira zisankho za gulu ngakhale zitakhala zovulaza.
- Kulimbitsa kulekanitsa: mgwirizano wamphamvu kwambiri ukhoza kufooketsa mgwirizano ndikuwonjezera kusagwirizana pakati pa magulu.
Chifukwa chake, kusanthula ndalama zachikhalidwe nthawi zonse kuyenera kufunsa: ndalama zachikhalidwe kwa ndani, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito chiyani, komanso ndani amapindula/amavulazidwa.
Kutseka
Lingaliro la ndalama zothandizira anthu m'chiphunzitso cha chikhalidwe cha anthu limapereka lingaliro lofunika kwambiri lomvetsetsa momwe ubale wa anthu umakhalira chuma chogwirika. Kudzera mwa Bourdieu, timaona ndalama zothandizira anthu ngati njira yopezera mphamvu komanso kuberekana kwa kusalingana. Kudzera mwa Coleman, timamvetsetsa ntchito yake pothandiza kuchitapo kanthu ndikukakamiza miyambo. Kudzera mwa Putnam, timafufuza ubale wake ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa anthu wamba komanso khalidwe la demokalase. Pamlingo wothandiza, ndalama zothandizira anthu zimatha kulimbitsa mgwirizano, kukulitsa mwayi wopeza mwayi, ndikuwonjezera kulimba mtima kwa anthu ammudzi—komanso zimatha kupanga kusagwirizana, kukondana, komanso kuponderezana kwa anthu. Chifukwa chake, ndalama zothandizira anthu ziyenera kumvedwa mozama: osati ngati "ndalama zabwino," koma ngati mphamvu ya anthu yomwe ingathe kumanga kapena kuletsa moyo wa anthu ammudzi, kutengera kapangidwe ka ubale ndi momwe zinthu zilili.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kuti igwirizane ndi kalembedwe ka maphunziro (kokhala ndi mawu ndi zolemba) kapena kupanga mtundu womwe umayang'ana kwambiri za dziko la Indonesia monga mgwirizano, mabungwe a nzika, ndi maukonde osavomerezeka.
