Kinetic chiphunzitso cha mpweya

Ndi kChiphunzitso cha kinetic chimati chinthu chilichonse chimakhala ndi maatomu kapena mamolekyulu ndipo kuti atomu kapena molekyulu imayenda mosalekeza mosasamala. Kuganiza kumeneku kwa chiphunzitso cha kinetic kumagwirizana ndi momwe atomu kapena molekyulu ilili ndi momwe mpweya ulili. Mphamvu ya kukoka pakati pa maatomu kapena mamolekyulu omwe amapanga mpweya ndi yofooka kotero kuti maatomu kapena mamolekyulu amatha kuyenda momasuka.

Poyenda, maatomu kapena mamolekyu amakhala ndi liwiro. Maatomu kapena mamolekyu alinso ndi kulemera. Chifukwa chakuti ali ndi kulemera (m) ndi liwiro (v), ndiye kuti atomu kapena molekyu ili ndi mphamvu ya kinetic (KE) ndi mphamvu (p). Mphamvu ya kinetic: KE = 1/2 mv²Pamene mphamvu yamagetsi: p = m v. Kuwonjezera pa mphamvu yamagetsi ndi mphamvu yamagetsi, palinso mphamvu (F). Poyenda momasuka, kugundana kuyenera kuchitika. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu imawonjezeka chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mphamvu yamagetsi pamene kugundana kumachitika. Mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi, mphamvu yamagetsi, ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ndiye maziko a zokambirana zathu za mphamvu yamagetsi (malamulo a kayendedwe, mphamvu yamagetsi, ndi mphamvu yamagetsi). Tikhoza kunena kuti chiphunzitso chamagetsi cha mpweya chimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi pamlingo wa atomiki kapena molekyulu.

Lingaliro Labwino la Gasi (lochokera pa makhalidwe akuluakulu a gasi)

Mu nkhani ya malamulo okhudza mpweya, tafotokoza za kuchuluka kwa mpweya komwe kumatchula mtundu wa macroscopic wa mpweya weniweni. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya komwe kukukambidwa ndi Kutentha (T), Volume (V) ndi kuthamanga (P). Ubale pakati pa kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumeneku kwafotokozedwa mu Law ya Boyle, Charles, ndi Gay Lussac. Dziwani kuti malamulo atatuwa amagwira ntchito kokha ku mpweya weniweni womwe uli ndi kuthamanga ndi kuchuluka (kuchuluka = ​​kulemera/kuchuluka) komwe sikuli kwakukulu kwambiri. Malamulo atatuwa amagwiranso ntchito ku mpweya weniweni womwe kutentha kwake sikuli pafupi ndi kutentha.

Lamulo la Boyle, lamulo la Charles, ndi lamulo la Gay-Lussac siligwira ntchito pa zinthu zonse zenizeni za mpweya kotero kuti tikhoza kupanga chitsanzo chabwino cha mpweya. Mpweya wabwino supezeka m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku; mpweya wabwino ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri omwe amapangidwa kuti athandize kusanthula kwathu, monga momwe zilili ndi matupi olimba komanso amadzimadzi abwino. Chifukwa chake, tikuwona lamulo la Boyle, lamulo la Charles ndi lamulo la Gay-Lussac limagwira ntchito pa zinthu zonse zabwino za mpweya. Kukhalapo kwa chitsanzo chabwino cha mpweya kumatithandiza kuwonanso ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kuchuluka kwa mpweya.

Lamulo labwino la mpweya limafotokozedwa m'ma equation awiri, PV = nRT (lamulo labwino la mpweya mu chiwerengero cha ma moles) ndi PV = NkT (lamulo labwino la mpweya mu chiwerengero cha ma molekyulu). Tikuganiza kuti mpweya wabwino umakwaniritsa ma equation awiriwa. Mwanjira ina, lamulo labwino la mpweya limagwira ntchito pa mikhalidwe yonse yabwino ya mpweya, kaya kuthamanga kwa mpweya kapena kulemera kuli kwakukulu kapena kutentha kwa mpweya koyenera kufika pa malo otentha. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, lamulo labwino la mpweya siligwira ntchito pa mikhalidwe yonse yeniyeni ya mpweya. Lamulo labwino la mpweya limagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati kuthamanga ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya weniweni si kwakukulu kwambiri. Lamulo labwino la mpweya limagwiranso ntchito pokhapokha ngati kutentha kwa mpweya weniweni sikuli pafupi ndi malo otentha. Kutengera ndi kufotokozera mwachidule kumeneku, tinganene kuti mpweya weniweni uli ndi makhalidwe ofanana ndi mpweya wabwino pokhapokha ngati kuchuluka kwenikweni,

ndi Kuthamanga kwa mpweya si kwakukulu kwambiri ndipo kutentha kwenikweni kwa mpweya sikuli pafupi ndi kutentha kwa mpweya.

Lingaliro la mpweya wabwino lomwe lafotokozedwa pamwambapa lawunikidwanso kutengera mawonekedwe a macroscopic. Ngakhale kuti mpweya wabwino ndi chitsanzo chabwino chabe, mpweya wabwino umaonedwabe ngati mpweya wokhala ndi maatomu kapena mamolekyu omwe amayenda momasuka. Chifukwa chake, zingakhale bwino ngati titakambirananso za lingaliro la mpweya wabwino kuchokera ku microscopic.

Lingaliro Labwino la Gasi (lochokera pa mawonekedwe a mpweya osawoneka bwino)

Nazi mafotokozedwe achidule omwe amafotokoza momwe mpweya wabwino umagwirira ntchito m'njira yocheperako, yomwe imachokera ku Gas Kinetic Theory:

1. Mpweya wabwino umakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono totchedwa mamolekyu. Mamolekyu abwino a mpweya amatha kukhala ndi atomu imodzi kapena ma atomu angapo. Molekyu iliyonse imakhala ndi kulemera (m) ndipo imayenda mwachisawawa mbali iliyonse pa liwiro linalake (v).

2. Mtunda pakati pa molekyulu iliyonse ndi wokwera kuposa kukula kwa molekyulu iliyonse.

3. Mamolekyu amenewa amatsatira malamulo a kayendedwe ndipo amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake akagundana.

4. Kugundana pakati pa mamolekyu ndi mamolekyu kapena pakati pa mamolekyu okhala ndi khoma la chidebe ndiko kugundana kwabwino kwambiri, ndipo kugundana kulikonse kumachitika nthawi yochepa.

Mu kugundana kwangwiro, lamulo losunga mphamvu limagwira ntchito (mphamvu isanagwere = mphamvu pambuyo pa kugundana) ndi lamulo losunga mphamvu (mphamvu isanagwere = mphamvu pambuyo pa kugundana).

Kubwereza kwa kugundana kwa impulse kwa chiphunzitso cha kinetic cha mpweya

Unikani ubale wochuluka pakati pa kuchuluka kwa macroscopic ndi kuchuluka kwa ma microscopic a mpweya. Kuchuluka komwe kumatchula mtundu wa macroscopic wa mpweya ndi kutentha (T), voliyumu (V) ndi kuthamanga (P). Pomwe kuchuluka komwe kumanena kuti mtundu wa microscopic wa mpweya ndi liwiro kapena liwiro (v), mphamvu (p), mphamvu (F) ndi mphamvu ya kinetic (EK) ya maatomu kapena mamolekyu omwe amapanga mpweya.

Timawunikanso mamolekyu ena a mpweya mu chidebe chotsekedwa. Kutalika kwa bokosilo = l ndi dera lopingasa = A.

Mamolekyulu ali ndi kulemera (m) ndipo, akamayenda, molekyulu imakhala ndi liwiro (v). Chifukwa chakuti chidebecho chimatsekedwa, pali kuthekera kwa kugundana pakati pa mamolekyulu ndi khoma la chotengera chomwe chili ndi malo a A pamwamba.

Kuti tipeze kusanthula kosavuta, timangoyang'ana kugundana komwe kumachitika pakhoma lakumanzere (khoma lomwe lili lofanana ndi z-axis). Choyamba, tikambirana za kugundana komwe kumachitika ndi molekyulu imodzi. Itchule kuti molekyulu 1. Kulemera kwa molekyulu = m1 ndi liwiro la kuyenda = v1. Njira yoyendera kumanzere imayikidwa kukhala yoipa, pomwe njira yoyendera kumanja imayikidwa kukhala yabwino.

Tikhoza kuganiza kuti tisanagunde khoma la chidebe, kayendedwe ka mamolekyu kamakhala kofanana ndi x-axis ndi njira yoyendetsera kumanzere. Chifukwa chake, pali gawo la liwiro pa x-axis lomwe ndi loipa (-v)._1xChifukwa ili ndi kulemera (m₁) ndi liwiro (-v_1x), molekyulu ili ndi mphamvu (p₁ = -m₁ v_1x). Iyi ndi mphamvu yoyamba. Ikagundana ndi khoma, molekyulu imapereka mphamvu yochitira zinthu pakhoma. Chifukwa pali mphamvu yochitira zinthu, khomalo limapereka mphamvu yochitira zinthu. Mphamvu yochitira zinthu kuchokera pakhoma imapangitsa kuti molekyuluyo iwonekere kumanja. Chifukwa cha njira yoyendera kupita kumanja, gawo la liwiro la molekyulu ndi labwino (v)._1xMphamvu ya mamolekyu pambuyo pa kugundana ndi p₂ = m₁ v_1xIyi ndi nthawi yomaliza.

Kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa mphamvu chifukwa cha kugundana ndi:

Mphamvu yonse = mphamvu yomaliza—mphamvu yoyamba

p yonse = p₂ - p₁

p yonse = m₁ v_1x – (-m₁ v_1x)

p yonse = 2m₁ v_1x

2m₁ v_1x = mphamvu yonse ya kugundana kamodzi. Popeza kugundana kwa mamolekyulu ndi kugundana kwangwiro, kugundana kumachitika osati kamodzi kokha, komanso mobwerezabwereza. Pa kugundana kwangwiro, lamulo losunga mphamvu ndi lamulo losunga mphamvu limagwira ntchito. Mphamvu ndi mphamvu isanayambe kugundana = mphamvu ndi mphamvu itatha kugundana. Chifukwa chake, molekyulu sidzasiya kuyenda (mphamvu yopanda malire). Liwiro la mamolekyulu silimachepanso (kupitirira mphamvu).

Pambuyo pogundana ndi khoma lamanzere, molekyuluyo imasunthira kumanja mpaka itagunda khoma lamanja. Pambuyo pogundana ndi khoma lamanja, molekyuluyo imabwerera kumanzere ndikugundanso khoma lamanzere. Chifukwa kutalika kwa mbali ya bokosi = l, kenako ikagundana ndi khoma lamanzere koyamba, molekyuluyo idzayenda mtunda wa 2l isanagundane ndi khoma lamanzere kachiwiri. Poyenda mpaka 2l, mamolekyu ayenera kufunikira nthawi inayake (Δt). Kuchuluka kwa nthawi (Δt) kuti molekyulu iyenera kusuntha mpaka 2l, ndi masamu:

Δt ndi nthawi yomwe imatenga pakati pa kugundana kulikonse. Pogundana ndi khoma, molekyulu imapereka mphamvu yogwira ntchito pakhoma. Chifukwa cha mphamvu yogwira ntchito, khoma limapereka mphamvu yogwira ntchito. Kukhalapo kwa mphamvu yogwira ntchito imeneyi kumapangitsa molekyulu kusunthanso kumanja. Pankhaniyi, njira yoyendetsera mamolekyu imasintha. Poyamba, molekyulu imasunthira kumanzere (-v1x), ikagundana ndi khoma, molekyulu imasunthira kumanja (v)._1xKusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake kumayambitsa kusintha kwa mphamvu (mphamvu yomaliza - mphamvu yoyambirira = m₁ v_1x – (-m₁ v_1x) = 2m₁ v_1x). Tikhoza kunena kuti kusintha kwa mphamvu kumachitika chifukwa cha mphamvu yonse yomwe khoma limapereka. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yonse yomwe khoma limapereka, mwa masamu:

Mu bokosi lomwe lili pamwambapa, pali molekyulu imodzi yokha yomwe yafotokozedwa. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti pali molekyulu imodzi yokha ya mpweya m'bokosi. M'malo mwake, pali mamolekyulu ambiri a mpweya. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yonse ya mamolekyulu onse a mpweya m'bokosi, mwa masamu:

F = F₁ +F₂ +F₃ + ….. + F_n

F₁ = mphamvu yonse ya molekyulu 1

F₂ = mphamvu yonse ya molekyulu 2

F₃ = mphamvu yonse ya molekyulu 3

…… = ndi zina zotero

F_n = mphamvu yonse ya mamolekyulu 4

n = molekyulu yomaliza.

m₁ = kulemera kwa molekyulu 1, m₂ = kulemera kwa molekyulu 2, m₃ = kulemera kwa molekyulu 3, mn = kulemera kwa molekyulu yomaliza. m₁ +m₂ +m₃ + ….. + m_n = m (kulemera kwa mpweya m'bokosi). l = kutalika kwa mbali ya bokosi.

v_12x = liwiro la molekyulu 1, v_{22 x} = liwiro la molekyulu 2, v_{33 x} = liwiro la molekyulu 3, v_{n2 x} = liwiro la molekyulu yomaliza. Liwiro la molekyulu iliyonse limasiyana, kotero tiyenera kuwerengera liwiro lapakati la mamolekyulu onse. Kuti tiwerenge liwiro lapakati la molekyulu, tikhoza kugawa liwiro la mamolekyulu onse ndi chiwerengero cha mamolekyulu. Mu chiphunzitso cha kinetic cha gasi, chiwerengero cha mamolekyulu nthawi zambiri chimapatsidwa chizindikiro N. Mwa masamu, liwiro lapakati la mamolekyulu onse limalembedwa:

Wkuphatikiza kwa e ndi equation b ndi ndi equation a:

F = mphamvu, m = kulemera kwa mpweya, l = kutalika kwa mbali ya bokosi, N = chiwerengero cha mamolekyu.

Mu kufotokozera kwapita, tinaganiza kuti kuyenda kwa mamolekyulu ofanana ndi x-axis. Izi zapangidwa kuti kusanthula kwathu kukhale kosavuta. Zoona zake n'zakuti, mamolekyu onse a gasi m'bokosi samayenda mbali iliyonse mwachisawawa. Chifukwa chakuti kuyenda kumachitika mwachisawawa, kupatula kukhala ndi gawo la liwiro lapakati pa x-axis, molekyuluyo ilinso ndi gawo la liwiro lapakati pa y-axis kapena z-axis. Chifukwa chake, liwiro lapakati la molekyulu ya gasi = chiwerengero chonse cha zigawo za liwiro lapakati pa x-axis, y-axis, ndi z-axis. Mwa masamu:

Popeza mamolekyu amayenda mwachisawawa, zigawo za liwiro pa x-axis, y-axis, ndi z-axis zili ndi kukula kofanana.

Timaphatikiza ndi equation 2 ndi ndi equation 1 :

Wkuphatikiza kwa e ndi mayikidwe 3 ndi ndi equationnc :

F = kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe mamolekyu a mpweya amagwiritsa ntchito pakhoma la chidebecho, chomwe chili ndi malo a pamwamba pa A.

Ubale pakati pa kupanikizika (P) ndi kukula kwa microscopic

Kupanikizika (P) ndi kuchuluka komwe kumafotokoza mtundu wa mpweya waukulu. Unikani Kupanikizika kutengera mawonekedwe a mpweya wochepa. Kuchuluka kwa kupanikizika komwe kumaperekedwa ndi molekyulu ya mpweya pakhoma lomwe lili ndi gawo lopingasa A ndi:

P = kupanikizika, N = chiwerengero cha mamolekyu a mpweya, m = kulemera, v = Liwiro lapakati la molekyulu, V = kuchuluka kwa chidebe