Ma diffraction gratings - mavuto ndi mayankho
1. Chophimba chokhala ndi mipata 4000 pa sentimita imodzi chimayatsidwa ndi kuwala kwa monochromatic ndipo chimapanga mzere wowala wachiwiri pa ngodya ya 30°. Kodi kutalika kwa mafunde a kuwala komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kotani? (1 Å = 10 -10 m)
Zodziwika:
Mtunda pakati pa mipata (d) = 1 / (mipata 4000 / cm) = 0.00025 cm = 2.5 x 10 -4 cm = 2.5 x 10 -6 mamita
Dongosolo (n) = 2
Tchimo 30 o = 0.5
1 Å = 10 -10 m
Kufunidwa: Kutalika kwa mafunde a kuwala (λ)
Yankho:
2. Kuwala kokhala ndi mafunde a monochromatic okhala ndi kutalika kwa 2.5×10 -7 m kumagunda chitoliro chokhala ndi mipata 10,000/cm. Dziwani malo a angular a mzere wowala wachiwiri.
Zodziwika:
Mtunda pakati pa mipata (d) = 1 / (mipata 10,000 / cm) = 0.0001 cm = 1 x 10 -4 cm = 1 x 10 -6 m
Dongosolo (n) = 2
Kutalika kwa mafunde (λ) = 2.5 x 10 -7 m
Akufuna: Ngodya (θ)
Yankho:
3. Kuwala kowala kokhala ndi mafunde a 5.10 -7 m kumagunda chitoliro. Kutalika pakati pa mpata ndi chophimba chowonera ndi 2 m, kutalika pakati pa mpata wachitatu ndi mpata wapakati ndi 150 cm. Dziwani mtunda pakati pa mipata.
Zodziwika:
Kutalika kwa mafunde (λ) = 5 x 10 -7 m
l = 2 m
n = 3
y = 150 cm = 1.5 m
Kufunidwa: mtunda pakati pa mipata
Yankho:
tchimo θ ≈ tani θ = y / l = 1.5 / 2 = 0.75 = 75 x 10 -2
Mtunda pakati pa mipata:
d sin θ = n λ
d (75.10 -2 ) = (3)(5.10 -7 )
d (75.10 -2 ) = 15.10 -7
d = (15.10 -7 ) / (75.10 -2 )
d = (15/75).10 -5
d = (1/5)(10 -5 ) m
d = (0.2)(10 -5 ) m
d = 2.10 -6 m
4. Kuwala kokhala ndi mafunde a monochromatic okhala ndi kutalika kwa 500 nm (1 nano = 10 -9 ) kumagunda chitoliro ndipo kumapanga mzere wowala wachinayi pa ngodya ya 30°. Dziwani kuchuluka kwa mipata pa sentimita imodzi.
Zodziwika:
Kutalika kwa mafunde (λ) = 500.10 -9 m = 5.10 -7 m
θ = 30 o
n = 4
Kufunidwa: chiwerengero cha mipata pa sentimita imodzi
Yankho:
Mtunda pakati pa mipata:
d sin θ = n λ
d (sin 30 o ) = (4)(5.10 -7 )
d (0.5) = 20.10 -7
d = (20.10 -7 ) / 0.5
d = 40.10 -7
d = 4.10 -6 m
Chiwerengero cha mipata pa sentimita imodzi:
x = 1 / 4.10 -6 m
x = 0.25.10 6 / m
x = 0.25.10 6 / 10 2 cm
x = 0.25.10 4 / cm
x = 25.10 2 / cm
x = 2500 / masentimita
5. Kuwala kokhala ndi mafunde a monochromatic okhala ndi kutalika kwa 500 nm (1 nm = 10 -9 m) kumagunda chitoliro ndipo kumapanga mzere wowala wachiwiri pa ngodya ya 30°. Dziwani kuchuluka kwa mipata pa sentimita imodzi.
Zodziwika:
Kutalika kwa mafunde (λ) = 500.10 -9 m = 5.10 -7 m
θ = 30 o
n = 2
Kufunidwa: chiwerengero cha mipata pa sentimita imodzi
Yankho:
Mtunda pakati pa mipata:
d sin θ = n λ
d (sin 30 o ) = (2)(5.10 -7 )
d (0.5) = 10.10 -7
d = (10.10 -7 ) / 0.5
d = 20.10 -7
d = 2.10 -6 m
Chiwerengero cha mipata pa sentimita imodzi:
x = 1 / tsiku
x = 1 / 2.10 -6 m
x = 0.5.10 6 / 1 m
x = 0.5.10 6 / 10 2 cm
x = 0.5.10 4 / cm
x = 5.10 3 / cm
x = 5000 / masentimita
Mafunso ndi mayankho 20 okhudza kugawa kwa diffraction:
1. Funso: Kodi cholumikizira ma diffraction grating n'chiyani?
Yankho: Cholumikizira ma diffraction ndi gawo la kuwala lomwe lili ndi kapangidwe ka nthawi, komwe kamagawaniza ndikugawa kuwala kukhala ma ray angapo omwe akuyenda mbali zosiyanasiyana.
2. Funso: Kodi kugawanika kwa diffraction kumasiyana bwanji ndi kugawanika kawiri?
Yankho: Ngakhale kuti zonsezi zimayambitsa diffraction, grating imakhala ndi mipata yambiri (kapena mizere) pa unit length, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma diffractural beams akhale ochulukirapo komanso kuti ma spectral leating akhale omveka bwino.
3. Funso: N’chifukwa chiyani mipata pakati pa mizere yolumikizira ndi yofunika kwambiri?
Yankho: Mipata imazindikira ma angles omwe ma wavelength osiyanasiyana a kuwala amasinthidwa, motero zimakhudza kumveka bwino kwa sipekitiramu yomwe imapangidwira.
4. Funso: Kodi ngodya ya diffraction ikugwirizana bwanji ndi kutalika kwa mafunde a kuwala?
Yankho: Ubalewu umaperekedwa ndi equation ya grating: ��=�sin� , pomwe ndi dongosolo la diffraction, ndi wavelength, ndi spacing ya grating, ndipo ndi ngodya ya diffraction.
6. Funso: N’chifukwa chiyani mitundu/mafunde osiyanasiyana amasiyana pa ngodya zosiyanasiyana?
Yankho: Popeza ngodya ya diffraction ( ) imagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kutalika kwa mafunde ( ), kutalika kwa mafunde (monga ofiira) kumasiyana kwambiri kuposa afupiafupi (monga abuluu).
7. Funso: Kodi kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mipata (kapena mizere) mu cholumikizira cha diffraction kumakhudza bwanji kapangidwe kake?
Yankho: Kuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa mipata kumakulitsa diffraction maxima, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti spectrum isamaoneke bwino.
8. Funso: Kodi mphamvu yotha kuthetsera vuto la gridi imatanthauza chiyani?
Yankho: Mphamvu yothetsa vutoli ndi luso la grating losiyanitsa ma wavelength awiri omwe ali pafupi kwambiri. Imawonjezeka ndi mizere yambiri komanso ma diffraction oda apamwamba.
9. Funso: Kodi ma diffraction gratings angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mitundu ina ya mafunde kupatula kuwala?
Yankho: Inde, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zochitika zilizonse zamafunde, kuphatikizapo mafunde amawu ndi ma X-ray.
10. Funso: Kodi chopachikira maginito chimasiyana bwanji ndi chopachikira maginito?
Yankho: Mu grating yotumizira, kuwala kumadutsa mu grating, pomwe mu grating yowunikira, kuwala kumaonekera kuchokera pamwamba pa grating.
11. Funso: Kodi ma grating oyaka ndi chiyani?
Yankho: Ma grating oyaka ndi ma grating owunikira pomwe mipata imakokedwa (kapena kuyatsidwa) kuti itsogolere mphamvu zambiri mu dongosolo linalake la diffraction, ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito.
12. Funso: N’chifukwa chiyani kuchuluka kwa mitsinje ya grating (mizere pa mm) n’kofunika?
Yankho: Kuchulukana kwa groove kumatsimikiza kufalikira ndi kugawanika kwa gridi. Kuchulukana kwa groove nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kugawanika kwakukulu.
13. Funso: Kodi grating imapanga bwanji sipekitiramu?
Yankho: Pamene kuwala koyera kumagwirizana ndi grating, kutalika kwa mafunde kulikonse kumasinthasintha pa ngodya yapadera, ndikufalikira pamalo osiyanasiyana kuti apange sipekitiramu.
14. Funso: N’chifukwa chiyani ma diffraction apamwamba angagwirizane?
Yankho: Pa ma wavelength osiyanasiyana, ma order apamwamba amatha kusinthidwa pa ngodya zomwe zimagwirizana ndi ma wavelength ena otsika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma spectra agwirizane.
15. Funso: Kodi cholumikizira chingagwiritsidwe ntchito pophunzira kutalika kwa mafunde osawoneka?
Yankho: Inde, ma grating amatha kupangidwira magawo osiyanasiyana a electromagnetic spectrum, kuphatikizapo ultraviolet ndi infrared.
16. Funso: Kodi zinthu zopakira zimagwira ntchito yotani pakupanga ma diffraction?
Yankho: Kapangidwe ka zinthu kangakhudze magwiridwe antchito a ma diffraction osiyanasiyana ndikupeza kutalika kwa wavelength komwe grating imakonzedwera.
17. Funso: Kodi cholumikizira cha holographic diffraction chimapangidwa bwanji?
Yankho: Ma grating a holographic amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosokoneza kuchokera ku kuwala kwa laser, m'malo molamulira mizere, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuwala kusakhale kosalala komanso kuti ma spectra akhale oyera kwambiri.
18. Funso: N’chifukwa chiyani nthawi zambiri kuchuluka kwa zero-order kumakhala kowala kwambiri?
Yankho: Zero-order maximum ikugwirizana ndi kuwala kosadulidwa. Popeza sikufalikira kwambiri monga momwe kuwala kodulidwira, mphamvu yake nthawi zambiri imakhala yokwera.
19. Funso: Kodi ma grating angagwire ntchito ndi kuwala kozungulira?
Yankho: Inde, mphamvu ya diffraction ndi mawonekedwe ake zimatha kusiyana kutengera momwe kuwala kwa incident kukuyendera.
20. Funso: N’chifukwa chiyani ma grating ali ndi ubwino kuposa ma prism a spectroscopy?
Yankho: Ma grating amatha kupereka kuwala kwabwino, kufalikira kwa ma wavelength molunjika, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala othandiza kwambiri pakufalitsa kuwala kudutsa spectrum poyerekeza ndi ma prism.
Ma grating a diffraction ndi ofunikira kwambiri pakufufuza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa kuwala, makamaka mu spectroscopy, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale kafukufuku watsatanetsatane wa zigawo za kuwala.
