Njira Zoyambira Zogwiritsira Ntchito Matchati a Panyanja ndi Kampasi
Kuyenda panyanja ndi luso lofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense amene amagwira ntchito pamadzi—kaya asodzi, oyendetsa maboti osangalatsa, anthu ammudzi wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kapena ogwira ntchito m'maboti akatswiri. Ngakhale kuti zombo zambiri tsopano zimadalira GPS ndi zipangizo zamagetsi, luso lowerenga matchati a panyanja ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kampasi likadali maziko ofunikira kwambiri. Zipangizo zamagetsi zimatha kusokonezedwa ndi zizindikiro, kutaya mphamvu, kapena kuwonongeka ndi madzi amchere. Chifukwa chake, kumvetsetsa njira zoyambira zogwiritsira ntchito matchati a panyanja ndi kampasi ndi sitepe yanzeru yopita ku chitetezo, kuyenda bwino, komanso kupanga zisankho zabwino panyanja.
Kumvetsetsa Mamapu a Panyanja : "Chilankhulo" Pamadzi
Tchati cha panyanja ndi mapu apadera opangidwira kuyenda pamadzi. Mosiyana ndi matchati a pamtunda, matchati a panyanja amagogomezera chidziwitso chofunikira pa zombo, monga kuya (mawu), mawonekedwe a pansi pa nyanja, zopinga (matanthwe a m'nyanja, ngozi ya sitima), malo oletsedwa, njira zoyendera sitima, ndi chidziwitso cha mafunde ndi zamakono.
Zinthu zina zofunika pa tchati cha sitima yapamadzi zomwe muyenera kuzidziwa bwino:
1. Mulingo wa mapu: Umasonyeza chiŵerengero cha mtunda womwe uli pamapu ndi mtunda weniweni. Mulingo waukulu (monga 1:25.000) umapereka tsatanetsatane wokulirapo wa madoko kapena misewu yopapatiza, pomwe mulingo waung'ono (monga 1:500.000) ndi woyenera kuyenda mtunda wautali.
2. Mizere yakuya ndi manambala a kuya: Kawirikawiri imawonetsedwa mu mamita kapena ma fathomu, kutengera muyezo wa mapu. Nthawi zonse yang'anani mayunitsi omwe ali mu nthano.
3. Zizindikiro zoyendera: Nyumba zowunikira, ma beacons, ma buoy, mizere yotsogola, ndi zizindikiro zoopsa zimawonetsedwa ndi zizindikiro zapadera. Kuwerenga zizindikirozi ndi luso lofunika kwambiri.
4. Kulowera Kumpoto: Matchati a panyanja nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kumpoto kwenikweni. Izi ndizofunikira poyerekeza ndi kampasi, yomwe imatanthauza kumpoto kwa maginito.
5. Duwa la Kampasi: Gawoli limakuthandizani kudziwa komwe mungapite komanso lili ndi chidziwitso cha maginito chomwe chimagwira ntchito ngati mlatho pakati pa komwe mungapite ndi komwe mungapite.
Kumvetsetsa Ma Compass ndi Kusintha kwa Maginito
Kampasi ya maginito imasonyeza njira yoyendera poyerekeza ndi kumpoto kwa maginito, osati kumpoto kwenikweni. Kusiyana pakati pa ziwirizi kumatchedwa kusintha kwa maginito. Manambala osinthira nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa pamatchati a nautical, pamodzi ndi njira (E kapena W) ndi kusintha kwa pachaka. Cholakwika cha oyamba kumene ndi kunyalanyaza kusintha kwa maginito, komwe kungayambitse njira yosakhazikika komanso malo osakhazikika.
Kupatula kusinthasintha, palinso kupotoka, komwe ndi kulakwitsa kwa kampasi komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mphamvu ya zitsulo/zamagetsi pa sitimayo. Kupotoka kumasiyana malinga ndi mutu ndipo nthawi zambiri kumalembedwa pa "khadi lopotoka" pa sitimayo. Kuti mudziwe njira zoyambira , yang'anani kwambiri lingaliro la kusinthasintha kaye; koma kumbukirani kuti kupotoka kungakhale chinthu china chomwe chingayambitse kuwerengedwa kolakwika kwa kampasi.
Mwachidule:
– Malangizo pa mapu = Zoona (T)
– Njira yolowera pa kampasi = Magnetic (M)
Kusinthaku kumatsatira kusintha komwe kwalembedwa pa tchati. Oyendetsa sitima ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito lamulo lokhazikika, koma chofunika kwambiri ndikukhala okhazikika ndikuyang'ana nthawi zonse ngati kusinthako kwalembedwa E (kum'mawa) kapena W (kumadzulo).
Zida Zoyambira Zomwe Muyenera Kukonzekera
Kuti muphunzire ndi kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi pamanja, nthawi zambiri mufunika:
- Mamapu a panyanja oyenerera malo otumizira katundu
– Kampasi (yolunjika kampasi/kampasi yonyamula ndi dzanja kapena kampasi ya sitima)
- Pensulo, chofufutira, rula
- Chogawanitsira poyesa mtunda
- Chojambula cha triangular plotter kapena wolamulira wofanana kuti asunthe njira
- Buku lolemba zoyendera
Ndi zida izi, mutha kuchita zoyambira: kudziwa malo, kupanga njira, kuwerengera mtunda , ndikutsatira njira.
Njira Yoyambira 1: Kudziwa Malo Pamapu (Kukonza Malo)
Kudziwa komwe sitimayo ili ndiye mfundo yaikulu yoyendetsera sitimayo. Pali njira zingapo zofunika:
1) Malo a "kukonza" kowoneka bwino (kuphimba kopingasa)
Njira yakale ndiyo kutenga mabearing (njira) kupita ku zinthu ziwiri kapena zitatu zowoneka bwino, mwachitsanzo nyali, nsanja, phiri lachizolowezi, kapena beacon. Masitepe:
1. Yendetsani chinthu A ndi kampasi ndipo onani mphamvu yake ya maginito.
2. Bwerezani chinthu B (ndi C ngati chilipo).
3. Sinthani mabearing a maginito kukhala mabearing enieni (pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana).
4. Pa mapu, jambulani mzere kuchokera ku chinthu A mbali ina (yofanana) kupita ku chizindikiro, kuti mzerewo "upite" malo oyendera sitima.
5. Chitani chimodzimodzi pa zinthu B (ndi C).
Malo omwe mizere imakumana ndi malo oyembekezeka a sitimayo (kukonza). Ngodya pakati pa mizereyo imakhala yakuthwa, kulondola kwake kumakhala bwino.
2) Malo a mtunda ndi mayendedwe
Ngati mukudziwa mtunda kuchokera ku chinthu china (monga radar kapena viewing) ndi bearing yake, mutha kujambula mzere wotsogolera ndikuwulumikiza ndi bwalo la mtunda wa chinthucho (radius).
3) Kuwerengera kosatha (DR)
DR ndi kuyerekezera malo kutengera njira, liwiro, ndi nthawi yoyenda kuchokera pamalo odziwika bwino. Njirayi ndi yothandiza kwambiri pakakhala kusawona bwino. Komabe, DR ili ndi zolakwika zambiri, kotero iyenera kukonzedwa nthawi zambiri ndi kukonza mawonekedwe nthawi iliyonse ikatheka.
Njira Yoyambira 2: Kuyeza Mtunda ndi Kuwerengera Nthawi Yoyendera
Pa matchati a sitima zapamadzi, mtunda umayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya latitude yomwe ili mbali ya mapu, chifukwa mphindi imodzi ya latitude = 1 nautical mile. Njira yothandiza:
1. Tengani chogawaniza, chitseguleni malinga ndi mtunda pakati pa mfundo ziwiri pamapu.
2. Pitani ku sikelo ya latitude yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa mapu (sankhani sikelo yomwe ili pafupi ndi dera lomwe mukuyesedwa).
3. Werengani mtunda wa makilomita a panyanja.
Kuti muwerengere nthawi yoyenda:
– Nthawi (maola) = Mtunda (mamailosi apamadzi) / Liwiro (mfundo)
Ngati sitima yanu ikuyenda pa mtunda wa makilomita 10 ndipo mtunda wake ndi makilomita 20, nthawi = maola awiri. Kuwerengera kosavuta kumeneku kumakuthandizani kuwerengera nthawi yofika (ETAs) ndikukonzekera kusintha kwa wotchi kapena mafuta.
Njira Yoyambira 3: Kupanga Njira ndi Kudziwa Njira ya Kampasi
Mukakonzekera njira:
1. Dziwani komwe mumayambira ndi komwe mukupita pamapu.
2. Jambulani mzere pakati pa mfundo, pewani malo osaya kwambiri, miyala yamchere, TSS (njira yolekanitsira magalimoto), kapena malo oletsedwa.
3. Yesani njira yolowera mu madigiri enieni (njira yeniyeni) pogwiritsa ntchito chida chowongolera/cholamulira chofanana ndi duwa la kampasi.
4. Sinthani mutu wa maginito kuti uwerengedwe ndi kampasi.
Kuwonjezera pa njira yolowera, samalani ndi zopinga ndi mizere yochotsera kuti chombocho chikhalebe m'madzi akuya. M'malo opapatiza, pangani njira pang'onopang'ono (malo olowera) kuti njirayo ikhale yosavuta kutsatira ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo chopatuka.
Njira Yoyambira 4: Kukonza Mphamvu ndi Mphepo (Kukhazikitsa ndi Kuthamanga)
Sitima zapamadzi sizimayenda mbali imodzi chifukwa cha mafunde ndi mphepo. Pakuyenda, mafunde nthawi zambiri amafotokozedwa motere:
– Seti: malangizo amakono (madigiri)
- Kuthamanga: liwiro lamagetsi (mfundo)
Ngati mphamvu yamagetsi ikukankhira sitimayo mbali ina, muyenera "kulipira" posintha njira madigiri angapo mosiyana. Poyang'ana pamapu, izi zitha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya vekitala ya vector: kuphatikiza vector ya velocity ya sitimayo ndi vector yamagetsi kuti mupeze njira yeniyeni (njira pamwamba pa nthaka). Kwa oyamba kumene, njira yothandiza ndiyo kukonza malo anu nthawi zambiri ndikusintha njira yanu ngati muwona kuti mukusiya njirayo.
Njira Yoyambira 5: Kulemba ndi Kusanthula Mabuku
Chitetezo cha kuyenda panyanja chimadalira kwambiri chizolowezi cha:
- Lembani nthawi, njira, liwiro, nyengo, ndipo konzani malowo nthawi ndi nthawi.
– Ikani chizindikiro ndi nthawi pamalopo pamapu (monga mphindi 30 zilizonse kapena ola limodzi).
- Nthawi zonse yang'anani kuya kwake ndikuyerekeza ndi mapu, makamaka mukayandikira gombe kapena madzi osaya kwambiri.
- Gwiritsani ntchito "lamulo losavuta la chitetezo": mukakhala ndi kukayikira, chepetsani liwiro ndikuwonjezera kuwona.
Chikalata cholembedwa bwino chimakuthandizani kutsata zolakwika, kuyerekeza malo pamene zipangizo zili ndi vuto, komanso chimapereka umboni wa njira zabwino pakagwa ngozi.
Zolakwa Zofala ndi Momwe Mungapewere
Zolakwika zina zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri mwa oyamba kumene:
1. Kunyalanyaza kusintha kwa maginito kotero kuti njirayo ipatuke kwambiri.
2. Kusamvetsa bwino mayunitsi akuya (mita vs ma fathomu) kapena kusalabadira datum yakuya.
3. Kudalira kwambiri gwero limodzi (monga GPS yokha kapena DR yokha). Njira yabwino ndiyo kuphatikiza njira.
4. Kusasintha mamapu kapena kusawerenga Chidziwitso kwa Oyendetsa Mapamadzi ngati chilipo.
5. Kusaganizira za mafunde, makamaka m'mabowo kapena m'mphepete mwa mitsinje.
Mukachita masewera olimbitsa thupi nthawi zonse, mudzatha kuzindikira machitidwe ndikuwongolera zolakwika zisanakhale zoopsa.
Kutseka
Kugwiritsa ntchito tchati cha panyanja ndi kampasi ndi luso lofunika kwambiri lomwe limalimbitsa chidaliro panyanja. Kuyambira kumvetsetsa zizindikiro zamapu, kuyeza mtunda, kudziwa ma bearing, mpaka kukonza malo ndi kukonza mafunde, zonsezi zimathandiza kuti pakhale kuyenda kotetezeka komanso kogwira mtima. Ngakhale ukadaulo wamakono ndi wothandiza, luso loyendetsa pamanja ndi "dongosolo lothandizira" lomwe lingapulumutse ulendo wanu pamene zinthu sizili bwino. Yesetsani njira zoyambira izi pang'onopang'ono, sungani zolemba mosamala, ndipo nthawi zonse muziika patsogolo chitetezo paulendo uliwonse.
