Malangizo Ogwiritsira Ntchito Njira Zachikhalidwe Zoyendera
Ngakhale kuti ukadaulo wapita patsogolo monga GPS, mamapu a digito, ndi makampasi anzeru, luso lachikhalidwe loyendera likadali lofunika. Machitidwe achikhalidwe oyendera ndi njira yodziwira komwe akupita ndi komwe ali pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zachilengedwe, zinthu zakuthambo, mawonekedwe a dziko, ndi zida zosavuta monga makampasi a maginito ndi mamapu a mapepala. Chidziwitsochi n'chothandiza mabatire akatha, chizindikiro chikatayika, zida zikawonongeka, kapena tikapezeka m'madera akutali. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyenda kwachikhalidwe kumalimbikitsanso chidziwitso cha chilengedwe ndikuwonjezera chitetezo paulendo, makamaka kwa okwera mapiri, oyendetsa sitima, ofufuza, ndi aliyense amene amachita zinthu zakunja nthawi zambiri.
1. Mvetsetsani Mfundo Zoyambira Zoyendetsera Ulendo
Kuyenda m'njira yolondola kumayankha mafunso atatu: komwe tili, komwe tikupita, ndi momwe tingafikire kumeneko. Kuti tiyankhe mafunso awa, tikufunika malangizo otsogolera (kumpoto–kum'mwera–kum'mawa–kumadzulo), zida zoyezera ndi kuwona komwe tili, komanso luso lotha kuwerenga malo otizungulira.
Kuyenda mwachizolowezi nthawi zambiri kumadalira njira zosiyanasiyana, chifukwa njira imodzi yokha sikokwanira nthawi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, nyengo ya mitambo imatha kuphimba dzuwa ndi nyenyezi, kapena nkhalango zowirira zingapangitse kuti zikhale zovuta kuzindikira malo kuchokera patali. Chifukwa chake, chinsinsi cha kuyenda mwachizolowezi ndi "kutsimikizira": kufananiza njira ya kampasi ndi mapu, kenako kutsimikiziranso pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe.
2. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kampasi ya Maginito
Kampasi ndi chida chosavuta koma chothandiza kwambiri. Singano ya kampasi imaloza kumpoto kwa maginito, osati kumpoto kwenikweni. Kusiyana pakati pa ziwirizi kumatchedwa kuchepa kwa malo. M'madera ena, kuchepa kwa malo kungakhale kwakukulu mokwanira kuti kukhudze kulondola kwa malo. Chifukwa chake, ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito mapu okhala ndi zambiri za kuchepa kwa malo, phunzirani momwe mungasinthire.
Njira zazikulu zogwiritsira ntchito kampasi:
1. Gwirani kampasi mopanda kugwedezeka kuti singano iyende bwino.
2. Zungulirani thupi mpaka singano yofiira igwirizane ndi chizindikiro cha “N” (kumpoto) pa kampasi.
3. Njira yomwe mukuyang'ana imasonyeza azimuth kapena njira yomwe mukupita.
Kuti muyende m'munda, mutha kudziwa komwe bere limayambira (njira yolowera):
- Lozani ma crosshair a compass pa chinthu chomwe mukufuna (monga pamwamba pa phiri kapena mtengo waukulu).
- Werengani nambala ya digiri pa sikelo ya kampasi.
– Sungani nambala, kenako yendani mukusunga singano molunjika kumpoto pa chipinda cha kampasi.
Malangizo ofunikira: sungani kampasi kutali ndi zinthu zazikulu zachitsulo, zingwe zamagetsi, kapena zipangizo zamagetsi zomwe zingasokoneze mphamvu ya maginito.
3. Mamapu Owerengera Mapepala ndi Mamapu Okhudza Malo
Mamapu a mapepala ndi bwenzi lapamtima la njira yoyendera yachikhalidwe. Mamapu a malo amasonyeza mizere yokwera, mitsinje, njira, zigwa, ndi mapiri. Kumvetsetsa mizere kumakuthandizani kusankha njira yotetezeka komanso yothandiza.
Zinthu zoti mumvetse:
– Mulingo wa mapu: Mwachitsanzo 1:25.000 amatanthauza 1 cm pamapu = 250 m pansi.
– Mizere ya contour: Mizere ikayandikira, malo ake amakhala otsetsereka kwambiri.
– Zizindikiro za mapu: Misewu, mitsinje, milatho, nkhalango, malo okhala anthu, ndi zina zotero.
Njira yothandiza:
1. Yendetsani mapu ndi kampasi: zungulirani mapu mpaka kumpoto pamapu kugwirizane ndi kumpoto pa kampasi.
2. Dziwani komwe muli pofufuza zinthu zomwe zimadziwika mosavuta, monga malo osonkhanira mitsinje, nsonga, kapena malo okhota mumsewu.
3. Konzani njira yanu poganizira za mizere: pewani kukwera kwambiri ngati sikofunikira, ndipo ganizirani misewu yamadzi kapena mapiri ngati "zitsogozo zachilengedwe".
4. Kuyenda Pogwiritsa Ntchito Dzuwa
Dzuwa lingakhale chizindikiro chodalirika cha komwe zinthu zikupita. Kawirikawiri:
– Dzuwa limatuluka kum'mawa ndipo limalowa kumadzulo.
– Masana, malo ake amakhala mbali ya thambo yomwe imagwirizana ndi kumpoto kapena kum'mwera kutengera malo (kum'mwera kwa dziko lapansi, dzuwa limakhala kumpoto; kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, limakhala kum'mwera).
Njira yosavuta:
– M’mawa, njira ya mthunzi wautali nthawi zambiri imaloza kumadzulo (chifukwa dzuwa lili kum’mawa).
– Masana, mithunzi imatambasuka kupita kummawa (chifukwa dzuwa lili kumadzulo).
Mungagwiritsenso ntchito njira ya "analog wotchi": lozani dzanja la ola padzuwa, kenako pezani pakati pa dzanja la ola ndi 12 koloko kuti muyesere kumpoto/kum'mwera (njira iyi ndi yoyerekeza kwambiri, si yolondola kwambiri, ndipo imafuna kusintha kwa madera a nthawi ndi nyengo).
5. Kuyenda Pogwiritsa Ntchito Nyenyezi (Mizere ya Nyenyezi)
Usiku, nyenyezi zingakuthandizeni kuyenda. Kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, Polaris (Nyenyezi Yakumpoto) imakhala pafupi ndi kumpoto kwenikweni. Nthawi zambiri imapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito gulu la nyenyezi la Ursa Major (Big Dipper): nyenyezi ziwiri "zolozera" zomwe zili m'mbale ya Big Dipper zimalozera ku Polaris.
Kum'mwera kwa dziko lapansi, palibe nyenyezi yomwe ili pamwamba pa South Pole, koma gulu la nyenyezi la Crux (Southern Cross) lingathandize kuyerekeza kum'mwera. Mwa kukulitsa mzere waukulu wa Southern Cross ndikuchepetsa kuyerekeza mpaka kumapeto, mutha kudziwa kumwera pang'ono.
Njira zogwiritsa ntchito nyenyezi zimafuna thambo loyera bwino komanso kuipitsidwa pang'ono kwa kuwala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kwambiri panja kapena m'nyanja.
6. Kuwerenga Zizindikiro Zachilengedwe
Kupatula thambo, chilengedwe chimaperekanso zizindikiro zolozera komwe zinthu zili. Komabe, njira iyi iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala, chifukwa kudalira chizindikiro chimodzi chokha kungakhale konyenga.
Zizindikiro zina zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaphunzitsidwa:
– Udzu pamitengo/miyala: nthawi zambiri umamera kwambiri mbali yonyowa, yomwe siili ndi dzuwa. M'madera ena, umakonda mbali inayake (monga mbali yakum'mwera kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi), koma izi sizimachitika nthawi zonse.
– Njira imene mtsinje umayendera: mitsinje nthawi zambiri imayenda kuchokera pamalo okwera kupita kumalo otsika ndipo nthawi zambiri imapita ku zigwa kapena midzi.
– Mphepo zazikulu ndi zomera zimapangika: m'madera ena, mitengo imatha kumera mokhotakhota chifukwa cha mphepo zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawomba kuchokera mbali imodzi.
Mfundo yaikulu: gwiritsani ntchito zizindikiro zachilengedwe ngati zizindikiro, kenako tsimikizirani ndi mapu kapena kampasi ngati n'kotheka.
7. Njira Yopangira Ma Triangulation Kuti Mudziwe Malo
Kujambula katatu ndi njira yofunika kwambiri ngati simukudziwa komwe muli pamapu. Umu ndi momwe mungachitire:
1. Sankhani malo awiri kapena atatu ooneka bwino (mapiri, nsanja, magombe a mitsinje).
2. Tengani mabenchi kuchokera pamalo anu kupita ku chizindikiro chilichonse pogwiritsa ntchito kampasi.
3. Tulutsani bearing ku mapu (nthawi zambiri pojambula mzere wobwerera/bearing yobwerera).
4. Malo omwe mizere imakumana amasonyeza malo omwe muli pafupi.
Zizindikiro zikamveka bwino komanso muyeso wabwino wa ma bearing, malo omwe mudzakhala nawo ndi olondola kwambiri.
8. Sungani Molondola Mukamayenda (Kuyenda Molunjika ndi Malo Oyang'anira)
Paulendo wautali, cholakwika chaching'ono chingakusokonezeni kwambiri. Makhalidwe awiri othandiza:
- Kuyenda Mofulumira: Kuwerengera masitepe kuti muyese mtunda. Choyamba mutha kuyeza masitepe anu pa mamita 100, kenako gwiritsani ntchito nambala imeneyo ngati muyezo.
– Malo Ofufuzira: Pangani malo ofufuzira pamsewu (monga, “Pambuyo pa 500 m, muyenera kufika pamtsinje wawung'ono”). Izi zimathandiza kuzindikira zolakwika mwachangu.
Ngati mwafika pamalo omwe sakugwirizana ndi mapu, imani ndikuwunika. Musapitirize kuyenda, poganiza kuti mudzawapeza mtsogolo.
9. Makhalidwe Abwino ndi Chitetezo pa Kuyenda Panyanja Kwachikhalidwe
Kuyenda sikutanthauza njira yokha, komanso chitetezo. Nthawi zonse:
- Uzani ena za dongosolo lanu la ulendo ndi nthawi yoyerekeza yobwerera.
- Bweretsani zida zoyambira: kampasi, mapu, mluzu, tochi, jekete la mvula, ndi chakudya/zakumwa zina.
- Dziwani malire anu ndi momwe nyengo ilili.
- Ngati mwasochera, gwiritsani ntchito mfundo iyi: siyani, ganizirani, yang'anirani, konzani.
Kutseka
Kuyenda panyanja mwachizolowezi ndi luso lomwe limamanga ufulu wodziyimira pawokha komanso kudzidalira panja. Mwa kuphatikiza kampasi, mapu a pepala, kumvetsetsa dzuwa ndi nyenyezi, komanso luso lowerenga zizindikiro zachilengedwe, mutha kudziwa komwe mukupita komanso komwe muli popanda kudalira ukadaulo wamakono. Mukamachita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwambiri, chibadwa chanu choyenda panyanja chidzakhala champhamvu kwambiri. Pangani kuyenda panyanja mwachizolowezi kukhala chizolowezi: yambani ndi maulendo osavuta, kenako pitani ku njira zovuta kwambiri. Pomaliza, luso limeneli silidzangokutsogolerani komwe mukupita komanso lidzakutetezani kulikonse komwe muli.
