Zoyambira za Machitidwe Oyatsira Magalimoto
Dongosolo loyatsira moto ndi limodzi mwa machitidwe ofunikira kwambiri m'magalimoto oyendetsedwa ndi mafuta (mainjini a Otto). Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikupanga spark panthawi yoyenera kuyatsa chisakanizo cha mpweya ndi mafuta m'chipinda choyatsira moto. Popanda dongosolo loyatsira moto logwira ntchito bwino, injini idzakhala yovuta kuyatsa, mphamvu idzachepa, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta kudzakhala kowononga ndalama, ndipo mpweya wotulutsa utsi udzawonjezeka. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zoyambira za makina oyatsira moto a magalimoto, kuphatikizapo ntchito yawo, zigawo zazikulu, mfundo zogwirira ntchito, mitundu, ndi zizindikiro zodziwika bwino za kulephera.
1. Ntchito ya Dongosolo Loyatsira Moto
Kawirikawiri, makina oyatsira ali ndi ntchito zingapo zazikulu:
1. Wonjezerani mphamvu yamagetsi kuchokera ku gwero lamagetsi la galimoto (batire kapena maginito a 12 volt) kufika pa mphamvu yamagetsi yapamwamba (ma volti zikwi makumi ambiri) kuti idumphe kudutsa pakati pa spark plug electrode gap.
2. Sinthani nthawi yoyatsira moto kuti motowo uwonekere nthawi yoyenera kwambiri, nthawi zambiri kumapeto kwa kukanikiza.
3. Imagawa mphamvu yamagetsi yapamwamba ku pulagi iliyonse ya spark malinga ndi dongosolo la kuwombera mu silinda iliyonse (mu injini za masilinda ambiri).
4. Zimaonetsetsa kuti kuyaka kumayenda bwino pamikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana, monga ma rev otsika/okwera, katundu wopepuka/wolemera, kutentha kwa injini, komanso kusintha kwa mtundu wa mafuta.
Dongosolo labwino loyatsira moto limapangitsa kuti kuyaka kukhale kwabwino kwambiri, injini yogwira ntchito bwino, kugwira ntchito bwino, komanso kuchepetsa mpweya woipa.
2. Mfundo Zoyambira Zogwiritsira Ntchito Dongosolo Loyatsira Moto
Mu injini ya petulo, chisakanizo cha mpweya ndi mafuta chimakanikizidwa ndi pisitoni. Pamene kupanikizika ndi kutentha kwa chisakanizocho zikukwera, pamafunika mphamvu kuti kuyaka kuyake. Apa ndi pomwe pulagi ya spark imayamba kugwira ntchito, ndikupanga spark. Komabe, kupanga spark yamphamvu kumafuna mphamvu zambiri.
Mfundo yosinthira magetsi nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito choyatsira moto, chomwe chimagwira ntchito ngati chosinthira magetsi: magetsi otsika mu choyatsira choyamba amasinthidwa kukhala magetsi ambiri mu choyatsira chachiwiri. Mphamvu yapamwamba iyi imaperekedwa ku pulagi ya spark, imadumpha mpata wa ma electrode, ndikuyatsa mafuta osakaniza.
Chinsinsi cha kuyatsa bwino chili m'zinthu ziwiri:
- Mphamvu yokwanira ya spark (voltage ndi current yoyenera).
- Nthawi yoyaka moto ndi yoyenera malinga ndi momwe injini ilili.
3. Zigawo Zazikulu za Dongosolo Loyatsira
Ngakhale mapangidwe ake amasiyana, zigawo za makina oyatsira mafuta zimaphatikizapo:
a. Gwero la Pakali pano (Batri/Alternator kapena Magneto)
Mu magalimoto amakono, magetsi oyamba nthawi zambiri amakhala batire (12V) yomwe imaperekedwa ndikuchajidwanso ndi alternator. Mu njinga zina, makamaka mitundu yakale, magetsi amatha kukhala magneto.
b. Swichi Yoyatsira ndi Dera Loyamba
Chosinthira magetsi chimalumikiza ndikuchotsa magetsi akuluakulu. Dera lalikulu ndi njira yamagetsi yotsika yomwe imapita ku coil yoyamba kudzera mu chowongolera magetsi (platinamu kapena module yamagetsi).
c. Choyikira Choyatsira
Chozunguliracho chimakhala ndi:
– Koyilo yoyamba: imalandira mphamvu ya 12V (kapena kuchokera ku magneto).
– Chokolera chachiwiri: chimapanga magetsi ambiri, chingakhale ma volts 10.000–40.000 kapena kuposerapo kutengera makina.
Chokolera chimagwira ntchito pamene mphamvu yoyamba yadzimitsidwa mwadzidzidzi (kugwa kwa mphamvu ya maginito), kotero kuti mphamvu yamagetsi yapamwamba imachitika mu chokolera chachiwiri.
d. Woyang'anira/Wotsegula Circuit Woyamba
Pali mitundu ingapo:
– Platinum (chosokoneza ma contact): chosokoneza makina m'makina amakono.
– CDI/TCI/ECU: gawo lamagetsi lomwe limawongolera nthawi yomwe magetsi amadulidwa komanso nthawi yomwe coil imayikidwa (nthawi yokhala).
e. Wogawa (Pa Injini ya Magalimoto Zina)
Mu makina achizolowezi pamagalimoto akale, wogawa amagawa magetsi amphamvu kwambiri ku pulagi iliyonse ya spark malinga ndi dongosolo loyatsira. Ogawa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi:
- chozungulira, chivundikiro, ndi njira yotsogola (chowongolera patsogolo kuyatsa).
Yatsani magalimoto amakono, ogulitsa ambiri anasiyidwa.
f. Chingwe cha Voltage Yaikulu / Coil-on-Plug (COP)
Mphamvu yamagetsi yapamwamba imafalikira kudzera mu chingwe choyatsira. Mu machitidwe amakono a COP, chokocho chimalumikizidwa mwachindunji ku pulagi ya spark, zomwe zimathandiza kuti chingwe chamagetsi chamagetsi champhamvu chichotsedwe kapena kufupikitsidwa.
g. Cholumikizira cha spark (Spark Pulagi)
Pulagi yoyaka moto ndiye "nsonga" ya makina oyatsira moto. Mpweyawo umapezeka pa mpata wa ma electrode. Mkhalidwe wa pulagi yoyaka moto (mpata, malo osungira mpweya, kuwonongeka kwa ma electrode) umakhudza kwambiri ubwino wa kuyaka.
4. Mitundu ya Machitidwe Oyatsira
Kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo kwapangitsa kuti makina oyatsira moto asinthe kuchoka pa makina kupita pa zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta.
1) Dongosolo Loyatsira Lachizolowezi (Platinamu)
Dongosololi limagwiritsa ntchito platinamu kuti lisokoneze mphamvu yayikulu ya coil. Ubwino wake ndi wosavuta kumva, koma uli ndi zovuta zake:
- Platinum yatha ntchito, ikufunika kukonzedwa nthawi zonse.
- Nthawi imasintha mosavuta chifukwa cha kuvala kwa kamera kapena masika.
– Kanthuko kangathe kufooka pa liwiro lapamwamba (chifukwa cha “kudumphadumpha” kwa platinum).
Kawirikawiri pamakhala chotenthetsera kuti chichepetse kuwala kwa platinamu ndikufulumizitsa kugwa kwa mphamvu yamaginito kuti mphamvu yachiwiri iwonjezereke.
2) Dongosolo Loyatsira la CDI (Capacitor Discharge Ignition)
Ma CDI amapezeka kwambiri pa njinga zamoto. Dongosololi limasunga mphamvu mu capacitor kenako n’kuzitulutsa mwachangu ku coil. Makhalidwe a CDI:
- Mphamvu yokhazikika kwambiri pa liwiro lapamwamba.
- Zigawo zochepa zamakina.
- Angagwiritse ntchito magwero a AC (magneto) kapena DC (batri), kutengera kapangidwe kake.
CDI ndi yoyenera injini zomwe zimafuna kuyatsa mwachangu, koma mphamvu yake ikhoza kukhala "yaifupi" kuposa makina oyendetsera magetsi.
3) Dongosolo Loyatsira la TCI/Transistor (Kuyatsira Koyambitsa)
Ma TCI amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magalimoto amakono, pogwiritsa ntchito ma transistors ngati chosinthira chachikulu cha mphamvu ya coil. Ubwino wawo:
- Kuwongolera nthawi yeniyeni molondola.
- Mphamvu yabwino ya spark pa rpm zosiyanasiyana.
- Yolimba kwambiri ndipo imafuna chisamaliro chochepa.
4) Dongosolo Loyatsira Lophatikizidwa la ECU (Kasamalidwe ka Injini)
M'magalimoto amakono, ECU imayang'anira kuyatsa moto kutengera zolowetsa masensa monga:
– CKP (Sensor ya Malo a Crankshaft)
- CMP (Sensor ya Malo a Camshaft)
- TPS (Sensor ya Malo Olumikizirana ndi Throttle)
– MAP/MAF (kupanikizika/kuchulukana kapena kuyenda kwa mpweya)
– ECT (kutentha koziziritsira)
- Sensa yogogoda (kuzindikira kugogoda)
ECU imatha kusintha nthawi yoyatsira moto kuti iwonetse mphamvu, magwiridwe antchito, komanso kupewa kuphulika.
5) Dongosolo Loyatsira Lopanda Kugawa (DIS) ndi Coil-on-Plug (COP)
DIS imachotsa chogawa, pogwiritsa ntchito ma coil awiri kapena coil pa silinda iliyonse. COP yodziwika kwambiri masiku ano: silinda iliyonse ili ndi coil yakeyake mwachindunji pa spark plug, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti:
- Kutaya mphamvu pang'ono.
- Kuwongolera kolondola kwambiri kwa kuyatsa pa silinda iliyonse.
- Kukonza kosavuta chifukwa zinthu zochepa zimasuntha.
5. Nthawi Yoyatsira ndi Kupita Patsogolo
Nthawi yoyatsira moto ndi nthawi yomwe pisitoni imayamba poyerekeza ndi malo a pisitoni. Kawirikawiri, pisitoni imayamba isanafike Top Dead Center (TDC) pa compression stroke, yotchedwa BTDC (Before Top Dead Center). Chifukwa chiyani isanafike TDC? Popeza kuyaka kumatenga nthawi kuti kuchitike, kuthamanga kwamphamvu kwa mpweya kukuyembekezeka kuchitika nthawi yomweyo pisitoni ikadutsa TDC kuti igwire bwino ntchito.
Pa liwiro lalikulu la injini, nthawi yomwe ilipo imakhala yochepa. Chifukwa chake, kuyatsa kwa injini kuyenera kupangidwa kukhala kwapamwamba kwambiri kuti kuyatsa kukhale koyenera. Makina achizolowezi amagwiritsa ntchito makina oyendetsera (centrifugal/vacuum), pomwe makina amakono amadalira ECU.
Ngati nthawi yapita patsogolo kwambiri:
– Injini imatha “kugogoda” (kugogoda/kuphulika), mphamvu yosakhazikika, chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa pisitoni.
Ngati ili kutali kwambiri:
- Mphamvu yofooka, mafuta owononga, kutentha kwa mpweya wotulutsa utsi.
6. Zizindikiro za Kuwonongeka kwa Dongosolo Loyatsira
Zizindikiro zina zodziwika bwino za mavuto oyatsa moto:
1. Injini ndi yovuta kuyiyambitsa: pulagi ya spark yakufa, coil yofooka, batire yakufa, sensa ya CKP yovuta.
2. Kuwotcha kapena kuwononga: ma spark plugs akuda, mawaya otulutsa ma spark plug, ma coil osweka, ma injectors/mafuta nawonso angayambitse koma kuyatsa kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa.
3. Mphamvu yotsika: nthawi yatha, coil ndi yofooka, ma spark plug sakugwirizana ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa.
4. Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta molakwika: kuyaka kosakwanira, mphamvu yofooka, nthawi yolakwika.
5. Onani ngati injini yayatsidwa (magalimoto amakono): Ma DTC okhudzana ndi misfire (monga P0300-P0304) amatha kuwonetsa kuyatsa kapena kupezeka kwa mafuta.
7. Kukonza Makina Oyambira Oyatsira Moto
Kuti muwonetsetse kuti makina oyatsira moto ndi olimba komanso abwino kwambiri, chitani izi:
– Yang'anani ndikusintha ma spark plug malinga ndi nthawi ya wopanga. Onetsetsani kuti kusiyana kwa spark plug kukukwaniritsa muyezo.
- Yang'anani mawaya a spark plug ndi coil: yang'anani ming'alu, kutuluka kwa madzi, kapena dzimbiri mu zolumikizira.
- Onetsetsani kuti mphamvu ya batri ndi yabwino komanso kuti njira yochajira ndi yabwinobwino.
- Gwiritsani ntchito mafuta motsatira octane yovomerezeka kuti ECU isachedwetse nthawi chifukwa chogogoda.
- Mu machitidwe achizolowezi: sinthani platinamu ndi nthawi nthawi ndi nthawi, ndikuyang'ana condenser ndi distributor.
Kutseka
Dongosolo loyatsira moto la galimoto limasintha mphamvu zamagetsi zotsika kukhala mphamvu zokwera kuti zipange spark pa spark plug panthawi yoyenera. Zinthu zofunika monga coil, current controller (platinum/CDI/TCI/ECU), ndi spark plugs zimagwira ntchito limodzi kuti zipange kuyaka kogwira mtima komanso kokhazikika. Kumvetsetsa zoyambira za dongosolo loyatsira moto kumathandiza ogwiritsa ntchito ndi akatswiri kuzindikira mavuto a injini, kukonza nthawi zonse, komanso kusunga magwiridwe antchito abwino a galimoto.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kupanga mtundu wina wa nkhaniyi wa njinga zamoto (CDI/TCI) kapena magalimoto amakono (ma sensa a COP, ECU, CKP/CMP), yokhala ndi zithunzi za ntchito ndi zitsanzo za milandu yolephera.
