Zoyambira za Machitidwe Osiyanitsa Magalimoto
Mu dziko la magalimoto, makina otumizira mphamvu (drivetrain) amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri potumiza mphamvu kuchokera ku injini kupita ku mawilo. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu mu drivetrain, makamaka mu rear-wheel drive (RWD), front-wheel drive (FWD), ndi four-wheel drive (4WD/AWD) magalimoto, ndi chosiyana. Chosiyana chimagwira ntchito mwakachetechete koma chimakhudza kwambiri chitonthozo, kukhazikika, ndi chitetezo cha galimoto ikamayenda m'makona kapena kudutsa m'misewu yosagwirizana. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zoyambira za makina osinthira magalimoto: tanthauzo, ntchito, zigawo, mfundo zogwirira ntchito, mitundu, ndi zizindikiro za kuwonongeka ndi kukonza.
Kumvetsetsa Kusiyana
Chosiyana ndi njira yopangira magiya yomwe imalola mawilo awiri oyendetsa pa ekseli imodzi (kumanzere ndi kumanja) kuzungulira pa liwiro losiyana, makamaka galimoto ikazungulira. Popanda chosiyana, mawilo onse awiri pa ekseli imodzi amakakamizidwa kuzungulira pa liwiro lomwelo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mawilo agwedezeke, matayala awonongeke mwachangu, kuvutika kulamulira galimotoyo, komanso kupsinjika kwakukulu pazigawo za drivetrain.
Mu magalimoto oyendetsa mawilo akumbuyo, chosiyanitsa nthawi zambiri chimakhala pa axle yakumbuyo. Mu magalimoto oyendetsa mawilo akutsogolo, chosiyanitsa nthawi zambiri chimaphatikizidwa ndi transaxle (kuphatikiza kwa magiya ndi chosiyanitsa) kutsogolo. Mu magalimoto a 4WD/AWD, pakhoza kukhala chosiyanitsa chakutsogolo, chosiyanitsa chakumbuyo, ndipo nthawi zina chosiyanitsa chapakati kapena chipangizo china chogawaniza ma torque.
Ntchito Yaikulu ya Kusiyana
Kawirikawiri, kusiyana kuli ndi ntchito zingapo zazikulu:
1. Gawani mphamvu ku mawilo awiri oyendetsera
Chosiyanacho chimatumiza mphamvu kuchokera ku propeller shaft (kapena transmission output pa FWD) kupita ku mawilo akumanzere ndi akumanja.
2. Imalola mawilo osiyanasiyana ozungulira
Pozungulira, gudumu lakunja limayenda mtunda wautali kuposa gudumu lamkati, kotero gudumu lakunja liyenera kutembenuka mofulumira. Kusiyanaku kumalola kusiyana kumeneku.
3. Sinthani njira yozungulira ndi chiŵerengero chomaliza cha drive
Kudzera mu magiya angapo ozungulira ndi magiya a pinion, kusiyana kwake kumasintha njira yozungulira ya shaft ya propeller ndipo nthawi zambiri kumapereka kuchepetsedwa komaliza (chiŵerengero chomaliza choyendetsera) kuti kuwonjezere mphamvu ya mawilo.
4. Sinthani kukhazikika kwa galimoto ndi chitonthozo
Ndi kugawa koyenera, galimotoyo imakhala yosalala ikayang'ana m'makona, zomwe zimachepetsa zizindikiro za kulumpha kapena "kuluma" matayala.
Zigawo Zazikulu za Dongosolo Losiyanitsa
Ngakhale mapangidwe angasiyane pakati pa opanga, kusiyana kwake kwenikweni kumakhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:
1. Giya la Pinion (pinion yoyendetsera)
Giya yaying'ono yomwe imalandira kuzungulira kuchokera ku propeller shaft (RWD) kapena transmission output shaft (FWD). Pinion imazungulira giya yozungulira.
2. Chida chopangira mphete (gudumu la korona)
Giya lalikulu lolumikizidwa ku chosinthira chosiyana. Giya la mphete limagwirizana ndi giya la pinion ndipo limasankha chiŵerengero chomaliza cha drive.
3. Mlandu wosiyana (nyumba yosiyana)
Malo omwe magiya osiyana ali. Amazungulira ndi giya lozungulira.
4. Zida zam'mbali (zogwiritsa ntchito padzuwa)
Magiya olumikizidwa ku ma axle akumanzere ndi akumanja. Magiya am'mbali amatumiza mphamvu mwachindunji ku ma axle.
5. Zida za kangaude / zida za pinion zosiyana (zida zapadziko lapansi)
Magiya ang'onoang'ono mkati mwa chosinthira chomwe chimalola magiya am'mbali kuzungulira pa liwiro losiyana.
6. Mabearing ndi zisindikizo
Mabearing amathandizira kuzungulira kosalala komanso kolondola kwa pinion ndi differential case. Zisindikizo zimaletsa kutuluka kwa mafuta a axle.
7. Mafuta osiyana (mafuta a zida)
Mafuta okhuthala kwambiri oteteza magiya kuti asawonongeke, kutentha komanso kukhudzana kwambiri.
Mfundo Yogwirira Ntchito ya Kusiyanitsa Zinthu Mukalunjika ndi Kutembenuka
1. Galimoto ikayenda molunjika
Galimoto ikamayenda molunjika pamsewu wosalala, mawilo onse akumanzere ndi akumanja amafunika liwiro lofanana lozungulira.
- Giya la mphete limazungulira chikwama chosiyanitsa.
– Chovala cha kangaude chimazungulira koma sichizungulira kwambiri pa mzere wake.
- Magiya akumanzere ndi akumanja amazungulira pa liwiro lomwelo.
Zotsatira zake, mphamvu ya mawilo imagawika ndipo mawilo amasuntha mofanana.
2. Galimoto ikatembenuka
Galimoto ikatembenuka:
– Gudumu lakunja liyenera kuzungulira mofulumira chifukwa njira yake ndi yayitali.
– Chophimba chosiyanitsa chimazungulirabe, koma zida za kangaude tsopano zimazungulira pa mzere wake, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zida zina za mbali imodzi zizungulire mofulumira ndipo zina pang'onopang'ono.
Mwanjira imeneyi, galimotoyo imatha kupotoza bwino popanda kukakamiza gudumu limodzi kuti ligwedezeke kwambiri.
Mitundu Yosiyana
Kukula kwa ukadaulo kwabweretsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kusiyana kwa zosowa zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito ndi magwiridwe antchito:
1. Kusiyanitsa Kotseguka (kusiyanitsa kotseguka)
Uwu ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri m'magalimoto onyamula anthu. Ubwino wake ndi kuphweka, kutsika mtengo, komanso kusalala. Vuto lake: pamene gudumu limodzi lataya mphamvu (monga, m'misewu yoterera), mphamvu yamagetsi imayenda kupita ku gudumu lomwe limazungulira mosavuta (lomwe likutsetsereka), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti galimotoyo ikhale yovuta kuyendetsa.
2. Kusiyanitsa Kochepa kwa Slip (LSD)
Chosiyana chocheperako (LSD) chapangidwa kuti chilole kuti mawilo osinthasintha azizungulira bwino panthawi yozungulira, komanso kuti chichepetse kutsetsereka kwambiri pamene gudumu limodzi lataya mphamvu. Pali mitundu ingapo ya ma LSD:
- LSD ya mtundu wa Clutch (yogwiritsa ntchito ma clutch plates)
- Viscous LSD (yogwiritsa ntchito silicone fluid)
- Torsen/Helical LSD (yogwiritsa ntchito magiya ozungulira)
Ma LSD amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magalimoto othamanga, ma SUV, ndi magalimoto omwe amafunikira mphamvu yogwira bwino.
3. Kusiyanitsa kwa Kutseka (kusiyanitsa kwa kutseka)
Chosiyanitsacho chikhoza "kutsekedwa" kotero kuti mawilo onse awiri azizungulira mofanana, zothandiza pakuyenda movutikira pamsewu. Galimoto ikatsekedwa, imakhala ndi mphamvu yokoka kwambiri, koma si yoyenera kukwera pa phula, chifukwa ingayambitse kutaya mphamvu, kuwonongeka kwa matayala, komanso kupsinjika pa drivetrain.
4. Kusiyanitsa kwa Ma Electronic / Torque Vectoring
Mu magalimoto amakono, kugawa kwa ma torque kumatha kuyendetsedwa pakompyuta, kaya kudzera mu multi-plate clutch, mota yamagetsi (mu ma EV), kapena makina osungira mabuleki omwe amasunga mawilo enaake. Kuyika ma torque vectors kumathandizira kukhazikika ndi kusinthasintha mukamayendetsa ngodya.
Zizindikiro za Kulephera Kusiyanitsa
Kuwonongeka kosiyana kungakhale ndi zotsatirapo zoopsa. Zizindikiro zina zodziwika bwino ndi izi:
- Phokoso lofuula kapena kukodola kuchokera ku ekseli lomwe limawonjezeka ndi liwiro.
- Phokoso la "klotok" panthawi yofulumizitsa kapena kuchepetsa mphamvu limasonyeza kugwedezeka kwambiri kapena zinthu zomwe zawonongeka.
- Kugwedezeka kuchokera kumbuyo kapena kutsogolo kutengera malo osiyana.
– Kutuluka kwa mafuta mu axle, komwe kumaonekera kuchokera patsamba lotuluka mu axle seal kapena pinion seal.
– Matayala amatha mosagwirizana, makamaka ngati akugwirizana ndi mavuto a mabearing kapena mabearing.
Ngati zizindikirozi zikuwonekera, kuwunika kuyenera kuchitika nthawi yomweyo chifukwa kuwonongeka kwa zida kumatha kufalikira ndipo ndalama zokonzera zimatha kukwera.
Chisamaliro Choyambira Chosiyana
Kuti kusiyana kwake kukhalepo nthawi zonse, njira zotsatirazi zosamalira ndizofunikira:
1. Sinthani mafuta a axle nthawi zonse malinga ndi malangizo a wopanga (mwachitsanzo, makilomita 20.000–50.000 aliwonse, kutengera momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito).
2. Gwiritsani ntchito zofunikira za mafuta oyenera, kuphatikiza miyezo ya API GL-4/GL-5 ndi kukhuthala (monga 75W-90, 80W-90) malinga ndi buku lophunzitsira.
3. Yang'anani ngati pali kutuluka kwa madzi m'ma seal ndi ma gasket, ndipo onetsetsani kuti mpweya wopumira (mpweya) sunatsekeke.
4. Pewani katundu wolemera kwambiri popanda kukonzekera, mwachitsanzo kukoka katundu wolemera pafupipafupi popanda mafuta oyenera kapena kuziziritsa mokwanira.
5. Pa mitundu ina ya LSD, gwiritsani ntchito mafuta okhala ndi zowonjezera za LSD ngati pakufunika kuti LSD clutch isagwedezeke (kugwedezeka).
Kutseka
Kusiyanaku ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri lomwe limalola magalimoto kutembenuka bwino komanso momasuka, kugawa mphamvu ya galimoto ku mawilo oyendetsa, ndikupereka kuchepetsa komaliza kuti mphamvu ya galimoto iwonjezere. Kumvetsetsa koyambira kwa momwe kusiyana kumagwirira ntchito ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana—kuyambira kusinthasintha kotseguka mpaka kusiyana komwe kumatsetsereka pang'ono, kusiyana kotseka, ndi makina amakono amagetsi—kumathandiza ogwiritsa ntchito kumvetsetsa kufunika kosamalira mafuta ndi kuzindikira msanga kuwonongeka. Ndi kukonza koyenera, dongosolo losiyanitsa limatha kugwira ntchito bwino kwa nthawi yayitali ndikusunga magwiridwe antchito a magalimoto m'mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yamisewu.
