Kugwiritsa Ntchito Chiphunzitso cha Khalidwe mu Uphungu
Khalidwe ndi sukulu yayikulu ya maganizo mu zamaganizo yomwe imagogomezera kuti khalidwe la munthu lingaphunzire, kupangidwa, ndi kusinthidwa kudzera mu ubale pakati pa zolimbikitsa ndi kuyankha. Pankhani ya uphungu, khalidwe limapereka njira yothandiza komanso yoyezeka, yoyang'ana kwambiri khalidwe looneka ndi momwe khalidwelo limakhudzidwira ndi chilengedwe. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, uphungu wa khalidwe amawona mavuto a makasitomala osati ngati "zomwe zili mkati" chabe, koma ngati machitidwe omwe angathe kufufuzidwa, kuphunzitsidwa, ndi kusinthidwa.
Mfundo Zoyambira za Chiphunzitso cha Khalidwe
Khalidwe la khalidwe linayamba chifukwa cha anthu monga Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, Edward Thorndike, ndi B.F. Skinner. Aliyense anathandiza kumvetsetsa momwe khalidwe limakhalira.
1. Zokongoletsa Zachikhalidwe (Pavlov)
Pavlov anasonyeza kuti mayankho ena angaphunzire mwa kugwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, galu amene poyamba ankangotulutsa malovu akangoona chakudya kenako ankatulutsanso malovu akangomva kulira kwa belu chifukwa belulo linkagwirizanitsidwa ndi chakudya nthawi zonse. Popereka uphungu, lingaliroli limathandiza kufotokoza kubuka kwa mayankho ena amaganizo (monga nkhawa) omwe "amalumikizidwa" ndi zochitika zina chifukwa cha zomwe adakumana nazo kale.
2. Lamulo la Zotsatira (Thorndike)
Khalidwe lotsatiridwa ndi zotsatira zabwino limakonda kubwerezedwa, pomwe khalidwe lotsatiridwa ndi zotsatira zosasangalatsa limakonda kusiyidwa. Mfundo imeneyi ndi maziko ofunikira a njira zolimbikitsira mu uphungu.
3. Kukonza Opaleshoni (Skinner)
Skinner anagogomezera kuti khalidwe limapangidwa ndi zotsatira zake: kulimbikitsa ndi chilango. Kulimbikitsa kumawonjezera mwayi woti khalidwe libwerenso, pomwe chilango chimachepetsa mwayi woti khalidwe libwerenso. Uphungu wa makhalidwe abwino umagwiritsa ntchito mfundo imeneyi kwambiri kupanga zizolowezi zatsopano, zosinthika.
Malingaliro Aakulu a Uphungu wa Khalidwe
Kugwiritsa ntchito khalidwe labwino mu uphungu kumadalira pa mfundo zingapo zofunika:
- Khalidwe limaphunziridwa, kotero likhoza "kuphunziridwanso." Mavuto monga nkhawa yocheza ndi anthu, kuzengereza, kapena kusuta fodya amaonedwa ngati zotsatira za kuphunzira kolakwika kapena kosazolowereka.
– Yang'anani kwambiri pa zomwe zikuchitika panopa. Alangizi amagogomezera kusintha kwa khalidwe komwe kukuchitika panopa m'malo mofufuza mozama za m'mbuyomu, ngakhale kuti mbiri ya zomwe wodwalayo waphunzira imaganiziridwabe.
- Zolinga za uphungu ndi zenizeni komanso zoyezeka. Kusintha kumayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zomveka bwino za khalidwe, monga kuchuluka kwa makhalidwe ena, nthawi, kapena mphamvu yake.
- Aphungu ogwira ntchito mwakhama komanso olangiza. Aphungu nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito ngati aphunzitsi, kupanga masewera olimbitsa thupi mwadongosolo, ntchito zapakhomo, ndi kuwunika momwe zinthu zikuyendera.
Masitepe Ogwiritsa Ntchito Khalidwe Loyenera mu Uphungu
Kugwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso cha khalidwe nthawi zambiri kumachitika kudzera mu njira zotsatirazi:
1. Kuwunika Khalidwe
Alangizi amazindikira machitidwe amavuto, zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto, ndi zotsatira zake zomwe zimasunga machitidwe amenewo. Njira imodzi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi kusanthula kwa ABC:
– A (Antecedent): n’chiyani chimayambitsa khalidweli lisanawonekere?
– B (Khalidwe): khalidwe looneka
– C (Zotsatira): zotsatira zomwe zimachitika pambuyo pa khalidwe, kuphatikizapo mayankho a chilengedwe
2. Kukhazikitsa Zolinga
Zolinga ziyenera kukhala zenizeni, zenizeni, komanso zoyezera. Mwachitsanzo, "kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu osapita kusukulu kuchoka pa katatu pa sabata kufika pa 0-1 pa sabata mkati mwa mwezi umodzi."
3. Kukonzekera Kulowererapo
Mlangizi amasankha njira yomwe zoyenera, poganizira makhalidwe a kasitomala, malo okhala, ndi zinthu zomwe zilipo.
4. Kukhazikitsa ndi Kuyang'anira
Kasitomala amachita masewera olimbitsa thupi kapena njira zomwe agwirizana, ndipo mlangizi amayang'anira momwe zinthu zikuyendera kudzera mu zolemba za khalidwe, masikelo owunikira, kapena zomwe akuwona.
5. Kuwunika ndi Kusamalira
Kusintha kukachitika, alangizi amathandiza makasitomala kusunga makhalidwe atsopano ndikupewa kubwereranso.
Njira Zophunzitsira Makhalidwe Abwino mu Uphungu
Nazi njira zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu uphungu wokhudza khalidwe:
1. Kulimbikitsa Kwabwino
Kulimbikitsa bwino mwana kumaphatikizapo kupereka zotsatira zabwino pambuyo poti khalidwe lomwe akufuna lachitika. Mwachitsanzo, makolo amapereka chiyamiko kapena nthawi yowonjezera yosewera mwana akamaliza homuweki yake pa nthawi yake. Mu uphungu, kulimbikitsa bwino mwana kungatengedwe ngati kudzipatsa mphotho kapena chithandizo cha anthu kuchokera kwa okondedwa ake.
2. Kulimbikitsa Zoyipa
Kulimbikitsa zinthu molakwika kumasiyana ndi chilango. Kulimbikitsa zinthu molakwika kumaphatikizapo kuchotsa chinthu chosasangalatsa pambuyo poti khalidwe lomwe mukufuna lachitika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti khalidwelo liwonjezeke. Mwachitsanzo, kasitomala amene amamaliza ntchito nthawi zonse amachepetsa nkhawa chifukwa cha ntchito yomwe ikukula.
3. Chilango
Cholinga cha chilango ndi kuchepetsa khalidwe losayenera. Komabe, alangizi nthawi zambiri amasamala kugwiritsa ntchito chilango chifukwa chingayambitse zotsatirapo zina monga mantha, nkhanza, kapena kuchepa kwa chilimbikitso. Mu uphungu wamakono, njira zolangira nthawi zambiri zimalowedwa m'malo ndi kulimbikitsa makhalidwe ena osinthika.
4. Kupanga (Kupanga Pang'onopang'ono)
Kupanga mawonekedwe ndi kupanga khalidwe kudzera mu kulimbikitsa njira zazing'ono zopita ku khalidwe lomwe mukufuna. Mwachitsanzo, kasitomala yemwe ali ndi nkhawa pagulu sapemphedwa nthawi yomweyo kuti alankhule pagulu, koma m'malo mwake amayamba ndi moni kwa munthu m'modzi, kenako kukambirana m'gulu laling'ono, kenako kupereka.
5. Kupanga Zitsanzo (Kuphunzira mwa Chitsanzo)
Kujambula zithunzi kumaphatikizapo kusonyeza khalidwe lomwe mukufuna, kenako kasitomalayo n’kutsanzira ndikuchita zimenezo. Njira imeneyi ndi yothandiza pophunzitsa luso locheza ndi anthu, monga momwe mungafotokozere maganizo anu molimba mtima kapena momwe mungakanire zopempha zosayenera.
6. Kuchepetsa Kuzindikira Kwadongosolo
Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza mantha kapena nkhawa. Odwala amaphunzitsidwa kupumula kenako pang'onopang'ono amakumana ndi zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa mantha, kuyambira pang'ono mpaka zovuta. Cholinga chake ndi kupanga njira yatsopano komanso yodekha akakumana ndi mavuto amenewa.
7. Chithandizo Chowonetsa Kukhudzidwa ndi Kutupa
Mofanana ndi kuletsa kumva kuwawa, koma kuyang'ana kwambiri pakuwonekera mwachindunji popanda kupewa zomwe zimayambitsa. Kuwonekera kumakonzedwa ndikubwerezedwa mwachibadwa kuti achepetse nkhawa. Mwachitsanzo, wodwala yemwe ali ndi mantha okwera pang'onopang'ono amachita zinthu zokhazikika pamalo okwera ndi thandizo lotetezeka.
8. Chuma cha Zizindikiro
Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo ochitira zinthu kusukulu kapena kuchira. Makasitomala amapeza "ma tokeni" (mfundo/zomata) chifukwa cha khalidwe labwino, zomwe amasinthana ndi mphotho zinazake. Chuma cha ma tokeni chimalimbikitsa kudziletsa komanso kuwonjezera chilimbikitso, makamaka mwa ana.
Zitsanzo za Kugwiritsa Ntchito Pankhani ya Uphungu
Mu uphungu wa kusukulu, khalidwe labwino nthawi zambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi nkhani za chilango, zizolowezi zophunzirira, kapena khalidwe laukali. Mwachitsanzo, wophunzira amene nthawi zambiri amachedwa angathandizidwe ndi mgwirizano wa khalidwe: wophunzirayo amalandira zotsatira zabwino akafika pa nthawi yake kwa sabata imodzi, ndipo kuwunika kumachitika nthawi ndi nthawi.
Mu uphungu wa zachipatala, njira yothandiza anthu kukhala ndi khalidwe labwino ndi yothandiza pothana ndi nkhawa, mantha, ndi zizolowezi zoledzera. Mwachitsanzo, pankhani ya kusuta fodya, alangizi amathandiza makasitomala kuzindikira zomwe zimayambitsa (monga kupsinjika maganizo kapena malo osuta), kenako m'malo mwa mayankho amenewa ndi machitidwe ena monga njira zopumulira, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi pang'ono, kapena kupewa msanga zochitika zina.
Ubwino ndi Zofooka
Ubwino wa uphungu wokhudza khalidwe ndi wakuti uli ndi dongosolo, njira zothetsera mavuto, komanso wosavuta kuunika. Njira imeneyi ndi yoyenera kwa makasitomala omwe akufuna njira zothandiza ndipo akufuna kuona kusintha kwenikweni pakapita nthawi yochepa.
Komabe, khalidwe labwino lilinso ndi zofooka, makamaka pamene mavuto a kasitomala akukhudza mikangano yovuta yamkati, kuvulala kwakukulu, kapena kufunikira tanthauzo la moyo. Chifukwa chakuti limayang'ana kwambiri khalidwe lowonekera, mbali zamaganizo ndi zamaganizo zitha kunyalanyazidwa ngati sizikuphatikizidwa ndi njira zina. Chifukwa chake, alangizi ambiri amaphatikiza njira za khalidwe labwino ndi njira zamaganizo (CBT) kapena zaumunthu kuti apeze njira yokwanira.
Kutseka
Kugwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso cha khalidwe labwino popereka uphungu kumapereka njira yomveka bwino yomvetsetsa ndikusintha khalidwe. Mwa kutsindika kuwunika koyenera, zolinga zoyezeka, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira monga kulimbikitsa, kutsanzira, ndi kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa, uphungu wa khalidwe labwino umathandiza makasitomala kukhala ndi zizolowezi zatsopano komanso zosinthika. Ngakhale kuti pali zofooka zake, njira imeneyi imakhalabe yofunikira komanso yothandiza, makamaka pamene aphungu amatha kusintha njira za khalidwe labwino kuti zigwirizane ndi zosowa zapadera za kasitomala komanso momwe akukhala.
