Njira Yopangira Zingwe za Machitidwe Ogawa Mphamvu
Zingwe ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pamakina ogawa mphamvu zamagetsi. Popanda zingwe zodalirika, kugawa mphamvu kuchokera ku malo opangira magetsi kupita ku malo ogawa magetsi, mafakitale, komanso nyumba sikudzakhala kokhazikika. Chifukwa chake, njira yopangira zingwe zogawa mphamvu sizingachitike mwachisawawa. Zimaphatikizapo kusankha zinthu, kapangidwe kaukadaulo, magawo olondola opangira, komanso kuyesa bwino kwambiri kuti zingwezo zikhale zotetezeka, zogwira ntchito bwino, komanso zolimba. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za njira yopangira zingwe zamagetsi—makamaka zingwe zogawa mphamvu—kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto.
1. Kukonzekera kwa Chingwe ndi Mafotokozedwe
Gawo loyamba ndikupeza zofunikira malinga ndi zosowa za polojekiti ndi miyezo yoyenera. Opanga zingwe nthawi zambiri amatchula miyezo yadziko/yapadziko lonse lapansi monga SNI, IEC, kapena ASTM. Gawoli limasankha:
– Volti yogwira ntchito (monga 0,6/1 kV ya voteji yotsika, 12/20 kV ya voteji yapakati, kapena yokwerapo ya kutumiza).
- Mtundu wa kondakitala (mkuwa kapena aluminiyamu).
- Malo ozungulira a kondakitala (mm²) omwe amakhudza mphamvu yonyamulira magetsi.
- Mtundu wa zotetezera kutentha (PVC, XLPE, EPR, ndi zina zotero).
- Kugwiritsa ntchito poyika (m'mlengalenga, pansi pa nthaka, m'mapayipi, m'mapanelo, kapena m'malo opangira mafakitale).
- Kufunika kwa chitetezo chamakina monga zida zodzitetezera (chitsulo/zoteteza aluminiyamu) kapena zigoba zapadera.
Kukonzekera kumeneku n'kofunika kwambiri chifukwa zolakwa poyamba zingayambitse kutentha kwa zingwe mwachangu, kutayika kwa mphamvu zambiri, kapena ngakhale chiopsezo cha moto ndi kusokonezeka kwa netiweki.
2. Kusankha ndi Kukonzekera Zipangizo Zopangira
Zingwe zogawa mphamvu nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zigawo zingapo: kondakitala, chotenthetsera, chowunikira, chodzaza, chotchingira, ndipo, m'mitundu ina, zotetezera. Zipangizo zazikulu zimaphatikizapo:
1. Kondakitala (Ndodo ya Mkuwa/Aluminiyamu)
– Mkuwa uli ndi mphamvu yoyendetsa bwino magetsi, kotero kukula kwake kungakhale kochepa pa mphamvu yomweyi, koma ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri.
- Aluminiyamu ndi yopepuka komanso yotsika mtengo, nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa maukonde ena ogawa.
2. Zinthu Zotetezera Kutentha
– PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride): imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagetsi otsika, osinthasintha, komanso otsika mtengo.
– XLPE (Cross-Linked Polyethylene): yodziwika bwino pa ma voltage apakati ndi otsika omwe amafunikira kutentha kwabwino, kukana kutentha, komanso kutayika kwa dielectric kochepa.
3. Chikwama/Zinthu Zopangira Jekete
- Imateteza zingwe ku chinyezi, mankhwala, kusweka, ndi kuwala kwa UV.
- Ikhoza kupangidwa kuchokera ku PVC, PE, kapena zinthu zina zosagwira moto kutengera zomwe zimafunika.
4. Zida (Ngati pakufunika)
– Mwachitsanzo, tepi yachitsulo kapena waya wachitsulo (SWA/STA) yotetezera makina, makamaka zingwe zobisika mwachindunji.
Zipangizozi ziyenera kukwaniritsa miyezo yodziwika bwino ya kuyera, mphamvu ya makina, ndi makhalidwe amagetsi.
3. Njira Yojambulira Waya
Pamene zinthu zoyendetsera magetsi zifika mu mawonekedwe a ndodo, gawo loyamba ndi kujambula waya, komwe kumaphatikizapo kukoka ndodoyo kudzera mu ma dies angapo mpaka waya wofunikira ufike. Njirayi imachitika pang'onopang'ono kuti waya usasweke kapena kukhala ndi zolakwika pamwamba.
Mkuwa nthawi zambiri umatenthedwa (kutenthedwa kolamulidwa) pambuyo pokokedwa kuti ubwezeretse kusinthasintha ndikuchepetsa kupsinjika kotsalira komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa makina. Zotsatira zake zimakhala waya wokhala ndi mainchesi olondola, pamwamba pake posalala, komanso mawonekedwe okhazikika a makina.
4. Njira Yopangira Kondakitala (Kuyika Chingwe)
Zingwe zogawa sizimagwiritsa ntchito waya umodzi pazikulu zazikulu. Kawirikawiri, mawaya angapo ang'onoang'ono amapotozedwa pamodzi kuti apange chowongolera chosinthasintha. Njira imeneyi imatchedwa kuluka.
Pali mitundu ingapo ya kuluka:
– Kulumikiza zingwe mozungulira: zigawo za waya zimayikidwa m'mabwalo ozungulira mozungulira.
– Kondakitala wolumikizidwa pang'ono: wopindika kuti achepetse kukula kwa chingwe chonse.
– Kondakitala wooneka ngati gawo: wofala m'zingwe zamitundu yambiri kuti malo azikhala bwino.
Pa gawo ili, malamulo okhwima amachitidwanso pa:
- kupindika kolimba,
- kufanana kwa m'mimba mwake,
- ndi kukana kwamagetsi pa kutalika kulikonse.
5. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zigawo Zosapanga Magesi ndi Zoteteza (Extrusion)
Gawo lofunika kwambiri popanga zingwe zogawa ndi kutulutsa, njira yophikira zinthu zotetezera pogwiritsa ntchito chotulutsira. Chotulutsira chimatsogozedwa kudzera mu mutu wotulutsira (m'mphepete mwa mutu), komwe zinthu zotetezera zimasungunuka ndikupangidwa kuti ziphimbe bwino chotulutsira.
Pa zingwe zapakati ndi zapamwamba zamagetsi, kuwonjezera pa insulation yayikulu nthawi zambiri pamakhala:
- Chophimba cha kondakitala (gawo loyendetsa magetsi pamwamba pa kondakitala) kuti chigwirizane bwino ndi magetsi.
- Chotchingira kutentha (chokhala ndi semiconductive layer pamwamba pa chotenthetsera) kuti magetsi azifalikira bwino ndikuletsa kutuluka pang'ono.
- Chophimba chachitsulo chopangidwa ngati tepi/waya wamkuwa ngati njira yolumikizira mafunde ndi chitetezo chamagetsi.
Pa kutenthetsa kwa XLPE, pambuyo pa extrusion, njira yolumikizirana (kulumikizana kwa mamolekyulu) imachitika kudzera mu kutentha ndi kupanikizika, nthawi zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya CV (Continuous Vulcanization). Izi zimathandizira kukana kutentha komanso mphamvu ya dielectric.
6. Kuziziritsa ndi Kusintha kwa Magawo
Pambuyo potuluka mu chotulutsira, chingwecho chimadutsa mu chidebe choziziritsira kapena makina apadera oziziritsira kuti chikhazikitse mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake. Pa gawo ili, kuwongolera khalidwe kumachitika kuti zitsimikizire:
- makulidwe a kutchinjiriza malinga ndi miyezo,
- palibe thovu, mipata, kapena zinthu zodetsa,
- malo osalala komanso okhazikika bwino (chotetezera kutentha sichimapita mbali imodzi).
Chilema chaching'ono pa siteji iyi chingakhudze kwambiri moyo wa chingwecho, makamaka pa ma voltage apakati pomwe chiopsezo cha kutulutsa pang'ono chimawonjezeka.
7. Kupanga Ma Cable Core (Ma Cable) a Multi-Core
Pa zingwe zomwe zili ndi ma core oposa amodzi (monga ma core atatu kapena ma core anayi mu kugawa kwa voltage yotsika/yapakatikati), core iliyonse yodzipatula imaphatikizidwa kudzera mu njira yolumikizira ma wire (kuzungulira ma core angapo).
Kuti chingwe chikhale chozungulira komanso chokhazikika, onjezani:
– chodzaza: chinthu chosapanga hygroscopic chodzaza mabowo.
– tepi yomangira: tepi yomangira kuti kapangidwe kake kasasunthe.
Mu zingwe zapakati, kapangidwe ndi njira yozungulira ma twists amaonedwanso kuti amachepetsa zotsatira za inductive ndikusunga bwino makina.
8. Kukhazikitsa Zida (Ngati Pakufunika)
Pa ntchito zomwe zimafuna chitetezo chowonjezera—monga zingwe zobisika mwachindunji, malo omwe angagwere mosavuta, kapena malo omwe mafakitale amakumana—zida zankhondo zimayikidwa. Njirayi ingaphatikizepo:
– Chida choteteza tepi chachitsulo (STA): tepi yachitsulo imazunguliridwa ndi chingwecho.
– Zida zotetezera waya zachitsulo (SWA): waya wachitsulo wokonzedwa mozungulira.
Zida zimawonjezera kukana kukakamizidwa, kulumidwa ndi nyama, komanso kuwonongeka mukakoka chingwe. Komabe, zimawonjezera kulemera ndi kukula kwake, kotero kukonzekera kukhazikitsa kuyenera kuganizira za kutalika kwa kupindika ndi mphamvu yokoka.
9. Kupereka Chigoba Chakunja
Gawo lomaliza ndi chikwama/jekete lakunja, lotulutsidwa kuti liphimbe kapangidwe ka chingwe chonse. Ntchito yayikulu ya chikwama chakunja ndikuteteza ku:
- chinyezi ndi madzi,
- dzimbiri,
- kukangana,
- Kuwonetsedwa ndi UV (kwa zingwe zakunja),
– mankhwala enaake.
Chikwamacho nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi chizindikiro cha mtundu, kukula, magetsi, muyezo, chaka chopangira, ndi chizindikiro cha mita kuti zikhale zosavuta kuzizindikira panthawi yokhazikitsa ndi kukonza.
10. Kuwongolera Ubwino ndi Kuyang'anira
Ma waya ogawa mphamvu ayenera kuyesedwa kangapo, panthawi yonseyi (yomwe ikuchitika) komanso ikatha (yomwe imachitika komaliza). Mayeso ambiri akuphatikizapo:
- Kuyesa kukana kwa conductor kuti zitsimikizire kuti kutayika kwa mphamvu kuli mkati mwa miyezo.
- Kuyesa kwamphamvu kwamagetsi (kuyesa kwa hipot) kuti muwone mphamvu ya kutchinjiriza.
- Yesani makulidwe a chotenthetsera ndi chivundikiro pogwiritsa ntchito micrometer/chida chowunikira.
- Kuyesa kutulutsa pang'ono (makamaka pa zingwe zamagetsi apakati/apamwamba).
- Mayeso okoka ndi kutalikitsa pa zinthu zotetezera kutentha/zophimba.
- Kuyesa koletsa moto ngati pakufunika.
- Kuyang'ana m'maso kuti muwone zolakwika pamwamba, kupendekera, kapena zolakwika.
Zingwe zokha zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zonse ndi zomwe zingatumizidwe kwa makasitomala. Pa mapulojekiti akuluakulu, nthawi zambiri kuyezetsa mboni kumachitika, komwe wogwiritsa ntchito kapena bungwe loyang'anira limawona kuyezetsako.
11. Kulongedza ndi Kugawa
Pambuyo popambana mayeso, chingwecho chimakulungidwa mu ng'oma zamatabwa/zachitsulo kapena zozungulira malinga ndi kukula kwake. Kuyika kumaganizira izi:
- kutalika kwa ng'oma iliyonse,
- kulemera konse,
- chitetezo cha kumapeto kwa chingwe (chophimba kumapeto) kuti madzi asalowe,
- ndi njira zonyamulira kuti chingwecho chisawonongeke pochigwira.
Pa gawo lomaliza, zikalata monga satifiketi yoyesera, deta yaukadaulo ndi kutsata miyezo zimaphatikizidwa ngati gawo la chitsimikizo cha khalidwe.
Kutseka
Njira yopangira zingwe za makina ogawa mphamvu ndi mndandanda wa zochitika zaukadaulo zomwe zimafuna kulondola kwambiri. Kuyambira kusankha kondakitala ndi kutchinjiriza, kudzera mu kukoka ndi kulumikiza, kutulutsa ndi kuziziritsa, mpaka kuyesa kwabwino, zonse zimagwira ntchito podziwa kudalirika kwa chingwecho kwa zaka zambiri chikugwira ntchito. Ndi njira zoyenera zopangira komanso kuwongolera bwino khalidwe, zingwe zimatha kutumiza mphamvu zamagetsi mosamala, moyenera, komanso popanda kusokoneza kwambiri—motero zimathandiza kukhazikika kwa makina ogawa mphamvu m'magawo osiyanasiyana.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kuti igwirizane ndi mtundu winawake wa chingwe (monga chingwe cha 20 kV XLPE chogawa pakati, chingwe choteteza pamwamba, kapena chingwe chotetezedwa pansi pa nthaka), kuphatikizapo kuwonjezera zithunzi za zigawo ndi zitsanzo za ukadaulo.
