Matenda Ofala Okhudza Zomera za Citrus
Zomera za citrus, kuphatikizapo malalanje, mandimu, mandimu, ndi mapeyala, zimayamikiridwa chifukwa cha maluwa awo onunkhira bwino komanso zipatso zokoma kwambiri. Zomera izi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'minda yapakhomo ndi m'minda yamalonda padziko lonse lapansi, mwatsoka zimakhala ndi matenda osiyanasiyana omwe angakhudze kukula kwawo, kupanga zipatso, komanso thanzi lawo lonse. Kuzindikira ndi kuthana ndi matendawa ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti zomera za citrus zikhale ndi thanzi labwino. Pansipa pali matenda ena omwe amakhudza zomera za citrus.
1. Chitowe cha Citrus
Citrus canker ndi matenda opatsirana kwambiri a bakiteriya omwe amayamba chifukwa cha Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. Amaonekera ngati zilonda zokwera, zooneka ngati corky pamasamba, tsinde, ndi zipatso. Zilondazi zimazunguliridwa ndi kapezi kachikasu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti matendawa azipezeka mosavuta. Zipatso zodwala nthawi zambiri zimagwa msanga.
Kupewa ndi Kulamulira:
– Ukhondo: Nthawi zonse muzitsuka zida ndi zida kuti musafalitse mabakiteriya.
– Mitundu Yosagonja: Bzalani mitundu ya zipatso za citrus yosagonja ku matenda ngati ilipo.
– Ma Spray a Copper: Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera mabakiteriya okhala ndi copper kungathandize kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa matenda a citrus crunchy.
– Kuika anthu m'malo okhala okhaokha: Kukhazikitsa njira zoika anthu m'malo okhala zomera zatsopano kungakhale kothandiza popewa kufalikira kwa matendawa m'malo omwe alibe kachilomboka.
2. Huanglongbing (HLB) kapena Citrus Greening
Huanglongbing, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti citrus greening, imayambitsidwa ndi bakiteriya (Candidatus Liberibacter spp.) ndipo imafalikira ndi Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri). Zizindikiro zake ndi monga chikasu cha masamba, zipatso zosafanana zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowawa komanso zosagulitsidwa, komanso kugwa kwa zipatso msanga.
Kupewa ndi Kulamulira:
- Kusamalira Psyllid: Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi njira zowongolera zamoyo kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa psyllid.
– Kuchotsa Mitengo: Mitengo yomwe yakhudzidwa iyenera kuchotsedwa bwino ndikuwonongedwa kuti matendawa asafalikire.
– Mitundu Yosagonja: Fufuzani ndi kubzala mitundu ya zipatso za citrus yosagonja ku HLB.
- Kuyezetsa: Gwiritsani ntchito zotchingira za mesh kuti muteteze zomera zazing'ono ku psyllids.
3. Kuwola kwa mizu ya Phytophthora ndi Gummosis
Kuwola kwa mizu ya phytophthora ndi gummosis kumachitika chifukwa cha mtundu wa bowa wa m'madzi. Zizindikiro zake ndi monga kuwola kwa mizu, kuuma kwa chingamu pa thunthu ndi nthambi, chikasu cha masamba, ndi kufa kwa zomera. Mitengo imatha kukula movutikira komanso kupanga zipatso moyipa.
Kupewa ndi Kulamulira:
– Kutulutsa Madzi Abwino: Onetsetsani kuti nthaka ili ndi madzi abwino kuti madzi asalowe m'mizu.
– Kuthirira Moyenera: Pewani kuthirira mopitirira muyeso, ndipo gwiritsani ntchito njira zothirira madzi kuti madzi asafike pa thunthu.
– Mankhwala ophera bowa: Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala ophera bowa oyenera ngati njira yopewera kapena poyankha zizindikiro zoyambirira.
– Mizu Yolimba: Gwiritsani ntchito mizu yolimba yolimba pakukula.
4. Malo Akuda a Citrus
Madontho akuda a citrus amayamba chifukwa cha bowa wotchedwa Guignardia citricarpa. Amapanga zilonda zakuda zapadera pa chipatso, zozunguliridwa ndi mphete ya imvi kapena bulauni. Masamba ndi tsinde zimathanso kukhudzidwa. Matenda oopsa angayambitse kutayika kwakukulu kwa zipatso.
Kupewa ndi Kulamulira:
– Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala Ophera Bowa: Kupopera mankhwala ophera bowa pafupipafupi kungathandize kulamulira bowa.
– Ukhondo: Chotsani ndi kuwononga zipatso ndi masamba omwe akhudzidwa ndi matendawa kuti muchepetse magwero a fungi.
- Kuyang'anira: Yendani mitengo nthawi zonse kuti muwone ngati zizindikiro zoyambirira za matenda.
5. Nkhanza ya Citrus
Nkhanza ya citrus, yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi bowa wotchedwa Elsinoe fawcettii, imakhudza kwambiri masamba ang'onoang'ono ndi zipatso. Imawonekera ngati zilonda zooneka ngati ziphuphu zomwe zingayambitse kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa zipatso, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisagulitsidwe kwambiri.
Kupewa ndi Kulamulira:
– Mankhwala Ophera Fungicides: Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala ophera fungicides, makamaka nthawi yamvula.
– Mitundu Yosagonja: Gwiritsani ntchito mitundu ya zomera yosagonja kuti muchepetse kugonja.
- Kudulira: Dulirani zomera zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi matendawa kuti muchepetse kufalikira kwa matenda.
6. Malo a Alternaria Brown
Madontho a bulauni a Alternaria amayamba chifukwa cha bowa wotchedwa Alternaria alternata. Amakhudza kwambiri masamba ang'onoang'ono, nthambi, ndi zipatso zosakhwima. Zizindikiro zake ndi monga madontho a bulauni, otupa omwe amazunguliridwa ndi kapezi kachikasu pamasamba, ndi zilonda za bulauni kapena zakuda pa chipatso.
Kupewa ndi Kulamulira:
– Mankhwala Ophera Bowa: Ikani mankhwala ophera bowa panthawi yofunika kwambiri yokulira kuti mupewe matenda.
– Mitundu Yosagonja: Mitundu ya zipatso za citrus yomwe imagonja ku zomera.
- Kudulira Moyenera: Chotsani minofu yodwala kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa katemera.
7. Melanosis
Melanose, yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi bowa wa Diaporthe citri, imakhudza masamba, nthambi, ndi zipatso za zomera za citrus. Imadziwika ndi zilonda zazing'ono, zakuda, zokwezeka zomwe zimatha kuphatikizika ndikukhala ngati corky. Melanose nthawi zambiri imapezeka pamitengo yakale kapena yomwe yafooka ndi zovuta zina.
Kupewa ndi Kulamulira:
– Mafangayi Opopera: Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala opopera kuti muteteze masamba ndi zipatso zazing'ono.
– Ukhondo: Dulani ndi kuchotsa mitengo youma ndi zomera zomwe zakhudzidwa.
– Kusinthana kwa mbewu: Pewani kubzala mitengo yatsopano ya citrus m'madera omwe ali ndi mbiri ya melanose.
8. Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV)
Kachilombo ka Citrus tristeza ndi matenda opatsirana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba, makamaka nsabwe za m'masamba zofiirira (Toxoptera citricida). Zizindikiro zake ndi monga kudula kwa mitsempha pamasamba, kuphulika kwa tsinde, kudulidwa kwa masamba, ndi kugwa kwa mitengo. Matenda oopsa angayambitse imfa ya mitengo.
Kupewa ndi Kulamulira:
- Kuletsa Aphid: Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso njira zowongolera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa aphid.
– Mizu Yolimba: Imamatiridwa pa mizu yolimba ya CTV.
- Kuyang'anira: Yendani mitengo nthawi zonse kuti muwone ngati pali zizindikiro ndipo samalirani bwino kufalikira kulikonse kwa matenda.
Kutsiliza
Kusamalira matenda m'zomera za citrus kumafuna kuphatikiza njira zabwino zolima minda, kuyang'anira nthawi zonse, komanso, ngati pakufunika, mankhwala ochizira matenda. Kuzindikira msanga ndi kuzindikira matenda moyenera ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti azitha kuwongolera bwino. Mwa kukhazikitsa njira zophatikizira zowongolera tizilombo ndi matenda, alimi a citrus amatha kuchepetsa zotsatira za matenda ofala awa, kuonetsetsa kuti zomera zathanzi komanso zokolola zobala zipatso. Maphunziro oyenera ndi njira zodzitetezera zingathandize kwambiri pakusunga mphamvu za minda yaing'ono ya m'nyumba komanso ntchito zazikulu za citrus zamalonda.
