Njira Yopumira mu Nsomba
Nsomba ndi zolengedwa zam'madzi zomwe zimakhala ndi njira yopumira yosiyana kwambiri ndi ya nyama zapadziko lapansi. Monga nyama za m'madzi, zapanga mapangidwe ndi njira zomwe zimawathandiza kuti atenge mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi. Iyi ndi njira yosangalatsa, yogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, komanso yosiyana ndi zomwe timaona m'zinyama zapadziko lapansi. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza mwatsatanetsatane njira yopumira m'nsomba, kuyambira pa kapangidwe kake mpaka njira zake zogwirira ntchito komanso zinthu zomwe zimakhudza.
Kapangidwe ka Kupuma mu Nsomba
Dongosolo lopumira la nsomba limakhala ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu zingapo:
1. Mafinya: Chiwalo chachikulu chopumira m'nsomba. Mafinya ndi mitsempha yambiri yomwe ili m'mbali mwa mutu wa nsomba, yotetezedwa ndi chophimba chotchedwa operculum.
2. Zingwe za Gill: Zingwe zazitali, zofanana ndi zala zomwe zili pa zingwe za gill. Chingwe chilichonse cha gill chimakhala ndi nthambi zambiri zazing'ono zotchedwa lamellae yachiwiri. Zingwe za gill zimawonjezera malo a pamwamba pa zingwe za gill, zomwe zimathandiza kusinthana bwino kwa mpweya pakati pa magazi ndi madzi a nsomba.
3. Operculum: Chophimba cholimba chomwe chimaphimba ndi kuteteza ma gill.
4. Dongosolo Loyendera Magazi: Lili ndi mtima wokhala ndi zipinda ziwiri (atrium ndi ventricle), womwe umapompa magazi kupita ku ma gills kenako thupi lonse.
Njira Yopumira
Kutenga Mpweya
Nsomba zimalandira mpweya kuchokera m'madzi kudzera mu njira yotchedwa gill ventilation. Njirayi ingathe kufotokozedwa m'magawo angapo ofunikira:
1. Kulowa m'madzi: Nsomba imatsegula pakamwa pake ndipo madzi amalowa m'kamwa.
2. Kudutsa madzi m'matupi: Mwa kutseka pakamwa ndikutsegula operculum, madzi amakakamizika kudutsa mu ulusi wa matupi wokonzedwa bwino.
3. Kusinthana kwa Magazi: Madzi akamadutsa mu lamella yachiwiri, mpweya womwe uli m'madzi umafalikira kudzera mu nembanemba yopyapyala kupita ku mitsempha yamagazi yomwe ili mu lamella. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mpweya wa carbon dioxide m'magazi umafalikira m'madzi.
4. Kutulutsa mpweya m'madzi: Pambuyo posinthana mpweya, madzi omwe tsopano alibe mpweya amatuluka kudzera mu operculum.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Bwino Kusinthana kwa Magesi
Kuti mumvetse bwino momwe njira imeneyi ilili yothandiza, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa lingaliro la kayendedwe ka mphamvu yotsutsana ndi mphamvu:
– Kuthamanga kwa magazi: Magazi omwe ali mu ulusi wa ma gill amayenda motsutsana ndi kuyenda kwa madzi. Izi zimathandiza kuti mpweya ukhale wochuluka nthawi zonse m'ma lamellae, zomwe zimathandiza kuti mpweya utengeke bwino komanso kuti mpweya utuluke m'thupi.
Kusintha kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti magazi nthawi zonse amakumana ndi madzi omwe ali ndi mpweya wambiri, ngakhale magazi atakhala opanda mpweya wambiri, zomwe sizingatheke ngati magazi ndi madzi zikuyenda mbali imodzi.
Zinthu Zomwe Zimakhudza Kupuma
Pali zinthu zingapo zakunja ndi zamkati zomwe zimakhudza momwe nsomba zimapumira bwino:
1. Kutentha kwa Madzi: Kusungunuka kwa mpweya m'madzi kumachepa kutentha kukakwera. Chifukwa chake, nsomba zomwe zimakhala m'madzi ofunda zingafunike kusintha kwapadera kuti zithane ndi kuchepa kwa mpweya m'madzi.
2. Mchere: Madzi amchere ali ndi mpweya wochepa wosungunuka kuposa madzi abwino. Nsomba za m'madzi amchere zimakhala ndi njira yapadera yodziwira kuti zimalandira mpweya wokwanira.
3. Ntchito ya Nsomba: Nsomba zomwe zimagwira ntchito kwambiri zimafuna mpweya wambiri. Chifukwa chake, zimatha kukhala ndi ma gills okhwima kwambiri kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zowonjezera mpweya.
4. Ubwino wa Madzi: Zinthu zoipitsa ndi zoipitsa m'madzi zimatha kuwononga ma gill ndi kusokoneza kupuma bwino. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa ammonia kumatha kuwononga maselo a gill, zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu ya nsomba yolandira mpweya.
Kusintha Kwapadera mu Nsomba
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba imakhala ndi masinthidwe apadera kutengera malo omwe amakhala.
1. Nsomba M'malo Opanda Mpweya: Nsomba zina, monga gourami, zapanga ziwalo zina zopumira monga labyrinths zomwe zimazilola kutenga mpweya mwachindunji kuchokera mumlengalenga.
2. Nsomba Zokhala Ndi Malo Apadera: Mitundu ina ya nsomba, monga eel yamagetsi, ingagwiritse ntchito khungu lawo ngati malo owonjezera opumira.
3. Nsomba Zosintha Magilasi: Nsomba zina zimakhala ndi njira zapadera zowonjezera mphamvu ya mpweya wopumira m'magilasi. Mwachitsanzo, asodzi a shaki ali ndi mabowo kumbuyo kwa maso omwe amathandiza kufalitsa madzi m'magilasi, makamaka akakhala pamalo amodzi.
Kuyerekeza ndi Zinyama Zapadziko
Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pa momwe nyama zapadziko lapansi ndi za m'madzi (kuphatikizapo nsomba) zimayamwira mpweya. Nyama zapadziko lapansi zimadalira mapapo kuti zipume, komwe mpweya wochokera mumlengalenga umafalikira kulowa m'magazi kudzera m'ma alveoli. Chifukwa kuchuluka kwa mpweya mumlengalenga kuli kokwera kuposa m'madzi, nyama izi zimafuna mapangidwe osiyanasiyana kuti zizitha kuyamwa bwino komanso mwachangu.
M'malo mwake, nsomba zimafuna mapangidwe ndi njira zapadera kuti mpweya ulowe m'madzi kupita m'magazi. Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa dongosololi ndi chodabwitsa cha kusintha, zomwe zimathandiza nsomba kukhala ndi moyo komanso kukula bwino m'malo osiyanasiyana okhala m'madzi padziko lapansi.
Mapeto
Njira yopumira ya nsomba ndi chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi cha kusintha kwa zamoyo komwe kumathandiza kuti zamoyo zikhale pansi pa madzi. Kuyambira mapangidwe ovuta a thupi mpaka njira zogwirira ntchito zotsutsana ndi madzi, nsomba zapanga njira zothetsera mavuto kuti zitsimikizire kuti zimalandira mpweya wokwanira ngakhale kuti zimakhala m'malo omwe nthawi zambiri sakhala ndi chinthu chofunikira ichi. Kusintha kwapadera kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kumasonyezanso njira zambiri zomwe chilengedwe chingapezere mayankho a mavuto omwe chimakumana nawo. Kuphunzira kwina kwa machitidwe awa kungapereke chidziwitso chakuya cha momwe moyo ungasinthire ndikukula bwino m'malo osiyanasiyana komanso ovuta.
