Zamoyo za Nkhalango ya Alpine ndi Moyo Wake
Nkhalango za Alpine ndi mtundu wa zachilengedwe za m'mapiri zomwe zimapangidwa m'madera okwera kwambiri, nthawi zambiri pafupi kapena pansi pa mzere wa mitengo, pomwe nyengo zachilengedwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti mitengo ikule bwino. Nthawi zambiri sizimamvetsetsedwa bwino ngati dera "lopanda moyo", nkhalango za m'mapiri zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zachilengedwe. Kuyambira kusintha kwa zomera zomwe sizizizira mpaka machitidwe apadera oyanjana ndi nyama komanso udindo wawo wofunikira ngati zotetezera madzi, nkhalango za m'mapiri ndi malo oyesera zachilengedwe omwe amasonyeza momwe zamoyo zimapulumukira pamlingo wa mphamvu zake zamoyo.
Makhalidwe a Chilengedwe cha Nkhalango ya Alpine
Nkhalango za m'mapiri zimakhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa nyengo. Kutentha kwa mpweya kumakhala kochepa chaka chonse, ndi nyengo yochepa yolima. Mphamvu ya kuwala kwa dzuwa imakhala yokwera chifukwa cha mlengalenga wochepa pamalo okwera kwambiri, pomwe usiku nthawi zambiri kumakhala kozizira kwambiri kotero kuti kuzizira mwadzidzidzi kumatha kuchitika. Mphepo yamphamvu nayonso ndi chinthu chachikulu, chomwe chimaumitsa pamwamba pa nthaka ndikuwononga minofu ya masamba ngati zomera sizingathe kusinthasintha.
Mvula m'dera lamapiri imatha kukhala yochuluka, koma nthawi zambiri imachitika ngati chipale chofewa kapena matalala m'madera ena. M'mapiri ena otentha, chipale chofewa sichipezeka kawirikawiri, koma chifunga chochuluka, mame, ndi mvula yambiri zimapangitsabe chinyezi. Nthaka m'nkhalango zamapiri nthawi zambiri imakhala yosaya, yamiyala, komanso yopanda michere chifukwa cha nyengo yochepa yomwe imachitika chifukwa cha kutentha kochepa. Izi zimapangitsa kuti michere ichepe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chilengedwe chikhale chosavuta kusokonezeka.
Kapangidwe ka Zomera ndi Mitundu ya Zomera
Zomera za m'nkhalango ya Alps nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazifupi komanso zokhuthala kuposa nkhalango za m'zigwa. Mitengo yomwe imapulumuka m'malo okwera nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mawonekedwe aafupi, mitengo yopota, ndi korona zomwe zimagona pansi kuti zichepetse mphepo ndikusunga kutentha. M'mapiri ambiri, mitengo ya conifer monga paini, spruce, kapena fir ndi yomwe imakula kwambiri. M'mapiri otentha, kapangidwe kake kamakhala kosiyana; zomera nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zitsamba, zomera zazing'ono zamitengo, ndi mitengo ya masamba ang'onoang'ono yomwe imapirira kuzizira ndi chinyezi.
Chimodzi mwa zomera za m'mapiri zomwe zimamera bwino kwambiri ndi masamba awo ang'onoang'ono, okhuthala, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati sera kapena ubweya kuti achepetse kutaya madzi. Zomera zina zimapanga ma rosette (masamba omwe amasonkhana pansi) kuti agwire kutentha ndikuchepetsa kukhudzidwa ndi mphepo. Moss ndi lichen nazonso ndizofunikira kwambiri, zimaphimba miyala ndi nthaka, zimathandiza kusunga chinyezi ndikufulumizitsa kupanga nthaka powononga miyala.
Bowa wa m'nthaka (microfungi) ndi mycorrhizae—ubale wogwirizana pakati pa bowa ndi mizu ya zomera—umagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pothandiza zomera kupeza michere, makamaka phosphorous ndi nayitrogeni yochepa. Popanda maukonde a mycorrhizal, zomera zambiri za m'mapiri sizikanatha kumera m'nthaka yopanda michere.
Moyo wa Zinyama ndi Machitidwe Osinthira
Nyama zomwe zimakhala m'nkhalango zamapiri nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi njira zosungira mphamvu. Nyama zazing'ono monga mbalame za m'mapiri, akalulu, kapena mbira (m'madera ena) nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi ubweya wokhuthala ndipo zimachita misewu kuti zithawe kutentha kwambiri. Mitundu ina imabisala kapena imafooka (kagayidwe kachakudya kakafupi) kuti ipulumuke m'nyengo yozizira kapena nyengo yamvula.
Mbalame za m'mapiri zimagwiritsa ntchito nkhalango za m'mapiri ngati malo osungira zisa ndi malo odyetsera zakudya. Mitundu yambiri ya mbalame imatha kuuluka bwino mumlengalenga ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito mphepo ya m'mapiri pouluka. Tizilombo timapezekanso, ngakhale kuti ndi tochepa kuposa m'malo otsika. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, tizilombo tina ta m'mapiri tili ndi "mankhwala achilengedwe oletsa kuzizira," omwe ndi mankhwala omwe amapezeka m'madzi awo amthupi omwe amaletsa kupanga makristalo a ayezi.
Ubale wa nyama zolusa ndi nyama zomwe zimadya nyama umapanganso mgwirizano. M'madera ena, kupulumuka kwa mbalame zolusa, mbalame za m'mapiri, kapena amphaka akuthengo kumadalira kwambiri kupezeka kwa makoswe. Popeza zachilengedwe za m'mapiri sizikula bwino, kusintha pang'ono kwa chakudya kumatha kukhudza kwambiri unyolo wa chakudya.
Kuzungulira kwa Zakudya ndi Kubereka kwa Zachilengedwe
Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zazikulu za chilengedwe cha m'mapiri ndi chakuti chimakhala ndi zokolola zochepa poyerekeza ndi nkhalango zamvula za m'madera otentha. Nyengo yochepa yolima imakakamiza zomera kuti zizitha kupanga photosynthesis bwino kwambiri pamene nyengo ilola. Zotsatira zake, kukula nthawi zambiri kumachitika mofulumira kwa nthawi yochepa, kenako kumachepa kwambiri kutentha kukatsika.
Kuwola kwa masamba ndi nkhuni kumachitika pang'onopang'ono chifukwa kutentha kochepa kumalepheretsa ntchito ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zachilengedwe zisonkhanire m'malo ena, komanso zimachepetsa kutulutsa michere m'nthaka. Chifukwa chake, kusokonezeka monga moto kapena kudula nthaka kumatha kuchotsa gawo lachilengedwe, lomwe limatenga nthawi yayitali kuti likhazikikenso.
Udindo wa Nkhalango za Alpine pa Kusamalira Madzi ndi Nyengo Zakumaloko
Nkhalango za m'mapiri a Alpine zimagwira ntchito ngati "matanthwe a madzi" m'madera omwe ali pansipa. Zomera zawo ndi nthaka zimasunga madzi kuchokera ku mvula, mame, chifunga, kapena chipale chofewa (m'madera ena), kenako pang'onopang'ono zimawatulutsa m'mitsinje ndi akasupe. Izi zimapangitsa kuti mitsinje iyende bwino, zimachepetsa chiopsezo cha kusefukira kwa madzi mwadzidzidzi panthawi yamvula yambiri, komanso zimathandiza kuti madzi apezeke nthawi yachilimwe.
Kuphatikiza apo, nkhalango za m'mapiri zimathandiza kukhazikika kwa malo otsetsereka komanso kuchepetsa kukokoloka kwa nthaka. Mizu ya zomera imamanga nthaka, pomwe zomera zimaphimba nthaka ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya madontho a mvula. Ngati nkhalango za m'mapiri zawonongedwa, chiopsezo cha kugwa kwa nthaka, matope a m'mitsinje, ndi ubwino wa madzi zimachepa kwambiri.
Kuyanjana Kwapadera kwa Zachilengedwe
M'nkhalango za m'mapiri, kuyanjana (kopindulitsana) nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofunika kwambiri kuti munthu apulumuke. Mwachitsanzo, zomera zomwe zimamera maluwa zimadalira zinthu zonyamula mungu monga njuchi, agulugufe, kapena ntchentche zomwe zimatha kupulumuka kutentha kochepa. Kenako, zinthu zonyamula mungu zimadalira timadzi tokoma ndi mungu ngati magwero a mphamvu. Popeza nyengo yotulutsa maluwa ndi yochepa, kugwirizana pakati pa nthawi yotulutsa maluwa ndi ntchito ya zinthu zonyamula mungu n'kofunika kwambiri.
Mpikisano pakati pa zomera umachitikanso, makamaka malo okulirapo otetezedwa ku mphepo komanso nthaka yokhuthala pang'ono. M'malo otseguka kwambiri, zomera nthawi zambiri zimapanga magulu okhuthala (zomera za cushion), zomwe zimapanga malo ofunda komanso onyowa kwambiri, zomwe zingathandize mitundu ina kukhalabe pafupi.
Ziwopsezo ku Nkhalango za Alpine
Malo okhala m'nkhalango za Alpine ndi ovuta kwambiri kusintha. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zoopsa kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Kutentha kokwera kumatha kusintha mzere wa mitengo kupita ku malo okwera kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, malo okhala m'mapiri ndi madera okhala m'mapiri akukankhidwira pamwamba pa mapiri, koma malo awo akuchepa kwambiri. Kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka mvula kungakhudzenso kupezeka kwa madzi ndikuwonjezera chiopsezo cha moto m'madera ena.
Kuwonjezera pa kusintha kwa nyengo, zochita za anthu monga kudula malo olima m'mapiri, migodi, kumanga misewu, ndi zokopa alendo zosayang'aniridwa zingawononge zomera ndi nthaka. Popeza kuti mapiri akubwerera pang'onopang'ono, ngakhale kuwonongeka pang'ono kungapitirire kwa zaka zambiri.
Mitundu ya zomera zomwe zimafalikira m'malo osiyanasiyana imakhalanso pachiwopsezo. Pamene anthu akuchulukirachulukira, mbewu za zomera zomwe sizili za m'deralo zimatha kulowa ndikupikisana ndi zomera za m'deralo zomwe zimakula pang'onopang'ono.
Kusunga ndi Kusamalira Zosatha
Kusunga nkhalango za m’mapiri kumafuna njira yoganizira za kufooka kwa zachilengedwe. Njira zofunika zikuphatikizapo kuteteza madera apakati pafupi ndi mapiri ndi mitengo, kusamalira njira zoyendera mapiri kuti zisawononge zomera zosalimba, komanso kuphunzitsa alendo kuti asatayire zinyalala kapena kuthawa m’njirazo.
Kuyang'anira kwa nthawi yayitali kumafunikanso kuti muwone kusintha kwa mitundu ya zamoyo chifukwa cha kutentha kwa dziko. M'malo ena, ntchito yobwezeretsa zinthu yakhala ikukhudza kubzala mitundu ya zomera ndi kukonza nthaka yowola. Komabe, kubwezeretsa m'madera amapiri kumafuna kusamala kwambiri, chifukwa nyengo yoipa kwambiri ya chilengedwe imapangitsa kuti zinthu ziyende bwino ngati mfundo za chilengedwe sizitsatiridwa.
Kutseka
Nkhalango za m'mapiri a Alpine ndi zachilengedwe zomwe zimasonyeza kupirira kwa moyo pansi pa zopinga. Chifukwa cha kutentha kochepa, mphepo yamphamvu, nthaka yopanda michere, komanso nyengo yochepa yolima, zolengedwa za m'nkhalango za m'mapiri zapanga njira zosiyanasiyana zosinthira. Zamoyo zimenezi n'zofunika osati pa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zokha komanso kwa anthu kudzera mu ntchito yawo yosunga madzi, kuchepetsa kukokoloka kwa nthaka, komanso kukhazikika kwa mapiri. Popeza zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chisokonezo, kuteteza nkhalango za m'mapiri kumatanthauza kuteteza cholowa chachilengedwe chosalimba—linga lachilengedwe pamwamba pa denga la dziko lapansi lomwe limasunga zamoyo pansi pa nthaka.
