He aha te Tātari Hononga?
Ko te tātari hononga he tikanga tatauranga e whakamahia ana hei aromatawai i te kaha me te ahunga o te whanaungatanga rārangi i waenga i ngā taurangi tauanga e rua. He mea tūāpapa tēnei tātari i roto i ngā momo mara mai i te pūtea me te ōhanga ki te hangarau me ngā pūtaiao pāpori, e whakarato ana i ngā māramatanga ki te hononga o ngā huringa o tētahi taurangi ki ngā huringa o tētahi atu.
Ngā Kaupapa Taketake o te Hononga
I tōna pūtake, ka ine te hononga i te nekehanga tahi o ngā taurangi e rua. Mēnā ka piki ake, ka heke iho rānei ngā taurangi e rua i te wā kotahi, ka kiia he hononga pai tō rāua. I tetahi atu taha, ki te piki ake tētahi taurangi i te wā e heke iho ana tētahi, he hononga kino tō rāua. Mēnā kāore he tauira e kitea ana i roto i tā rāua nekehanga, kāore he hononga i waenganui i ngā taurangi e rua.
Te Ine i te Hononga
Ko te tatauranga e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te tātaritanga hononga ko te tauwehenga hononga Pearson, e tohuhia ana ko \( r \). Kei waenganui i te -1 ki te 1 tēnei tauwehenga, arā:
– \( r = 1 \): He whanaungatanga rārangi tino pai.
– \( r = -1 \): He whanaungatanga rārangi tino kino.
– \( r = 0 \): Kāore he whanaungatanga rārangi.
Ko ētahi atu inenga hononga ko te hononga tūnga a Spearman me te tau a Kendall, he kaha ake ēnei ki ngā hononga kore-rārangi me ngā hononga o waho.
Te tatau i te r a Pearson
Ka tatauhia te tauwehenga taurite Pearson mā te whakamahi i te tātai:
\[ r = \frac{\text{cov}(X, Y)}{\sigma_X \sigma_Y} \]
kei hea:
– Ko te \(\text{cov}(X, Y)\) te taurangi rerekētanga i waenga i ngā taurangi X me Y.
– Ko \(\sigma_X\) me \(\sigma_Y\) ngā paerewa rerekētanga o X me Y, ia.
Ko te tikanga o tēnei tātai he whakataurite i te taunga rerekētanga mā te hua o ngā paerewa rerekētanga o ngā taurangi, kia kore ai he whānuitanga o te hua, ā, kia herea ki waenga i te -1 me te 1.
Te Whakamārama i te Hononga
He mea nui te mārama ki te uara o \( r \) hei whakamārama i ngā hua o tētahi tātaritanga hononga. I te nuinga o te wā:
– 0.0 – 0.19 : He hononga ngoikore rawa ki te koretake.
– 0.2 – 0.39 : Hononga ngoikore.
– 0.4 – 0.59 : He taunga ōrite.
– 0.6 – 0.79 : He hononga kaha.
– 0.8 – 1.0 : He hononga tino kaha.
He mea nui anō hoki kia mōhiotia ko te whanaungatanga ehara i te mea he take. Ko te whanaungatanga nui i waenga i ngā taurangi e rua ehara i te mea ka huri tetahi taurangi i tetahi atu.
Ngā Whakamahinga o te Tātari Hononga
1. Pūtea
I roto i te pūtea, he whānuitia te whakamahinga o te tātari hononga hei aromatawai i ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā hea, ngā here, me ētahi atu huarahi haumi. Hei tauira, mā te mārama ki te hononga i waenga i ngā rawa rerekē ka āwhina i te whakawhānui i te putea, nā te mea mā te whakakotahi i ngā rawa kāore e pā ana, e pā kino ana rānei ka taea te whakaiti i te mōrearea.
2. Ōhanga
Ka whakamahia e ngā kaipūtea te tātari hononga hei tūhura i ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā tohu ōhanga. Hei tauira, ka taea te tirotiro i te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā reiti kore mahi me te tipu o te GDP kia mārama ai ki te taiao ōhanga whānui.
3. Ngā Pūtaiao Hauora
I roto i ngā pūtaiao hauora, ka taea e te hononga te āwhina i te tautuhi i ngā hononga pea i waenga i ngā āhuatanga o te noho me ngā putanga hauora. Hei tauira, ka tūhuratia pea e ngā kairangahau te hononga i waenga i ngā taumata korikori tinana me ngā reiti o te mate manawa.
4. Ngā Pūtaiao Pāpori
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā tohunga hapori me ngā tohunga hinengaro te hononga hei ako i ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi pēnei i ngā taumata whiwhinga moni me te whakatutukitanga mātauranga, i waenga rānei i ngā taumata ahotea me te mahi i roto i te mahi.
Ngā Here o te Tātari Hononga
Ahakoa tōna whakamahinga whānui, he maha ngā herenga o te tātaritanga hononga:
1. Kāore te Hononga e ōrite ki te Take:
Ahakoa e hono ana ngā taurangi e rua, ehara tēnei i te kī he take tō tētahi mō tētahi. Tērā pea ka pāngia ngā taurangi e rua e ngā āhuatanga o waho, e ngā taurangi tuatoru rānei (ngā taurangi whakararuraru), ka puta he hononga rūpahu.
2. Te Raina:
Ko te hononga ā-taurangi a Pearson e ine ana i ngā whanaungatanga rārangi anake. Mena he kore-rārangi te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi e rua, tera pea he hē te tauwehenga hononga.
3. Te aro ki ngā mea o waho:
Ka tino pāngia ngā tauwehenga hononga e ngā mea o waho. Ka taea e ētahi uara tino nui te whakapohehe i te hononga, ka puta he āhua kaha ake, he āhua ngoikore ake rānei i tōna āhua tūturu.
4. Te ōritetanga:
E whakaarohia ana e te tauwehenga taurite te ōritetanga o te rerekētanga puta noa i te whānuitanga o ngā taurangi. Mēnā ka takahia tēnei whakaaro, ka arahi pea ki ngā whakatau hē.
Ngā Tikanga Hononga Matatau
Hei ārai i ētahi o ēnei herenga, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tikanga matatau maha:
– Hononga Wāhanga: Ka ine tēnei tikanga i te hononga i waenga i ngā taurangi e rua, me te whakahaere anō hoki i te pānga o tētahi, neke atu rānei o ngā taurangi tāpiri.
– Te Hononga Ā-Kāno: Ka whakamahia tēnei hei mārama ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā huinga taurangi e rua, kaua ki ngā taurangi takitahi e rua anake.
– Tātaritanga Taurangi Maha: Ka taea e ngā tikanga pēnei i te whakatautaurangi maha te āwhina i te tūhura i ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi maha i te wā kotahi.
Ngā Hipanga i roto i te Whakahaere i te Tātari Hononga
1. Te Kohikohi Raraunga:
Tīmata mā te kohikohi i ngā raraunga e tika ana, kia mōhio ai he tauanga, ā, e kapi ana i te whānuitanga o ngā tātaritanga.
2. Tātari Tirohanga:
Mā te tuhi i ngā raraunga mā te whakamahi i ngā kauwhata marara ka taea te whakaatu i te whanaungatanga i mua i te whakahaere i ngā whakamātautau tatauranga.
3. Tātaitanga:
Whakamahia ngā pūmanawa tatauranga, ngā tātaitanga ā-ringa rānei hei whakatau i te tauwehenga hononga.
4. Whakamārama:
Tātarihia te rahi me te ahunga o te hononga, me te whakaaro ki te horopaki me ngā āhuatanga o waho pea.
5. Whakamanatanga:
Manatokohia ngā hua mā te whakamahi i ētahi atu raraunga, i ētahi atu tikanga rānei hei whakarite i te pakari.
Opaniraa
He taputapu kaha te tātari hononga i roto i ngā taputapu a te tohunga tatauranga, e whakarato ana i ngā māramatanga whai hua mō ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi. Heoi, he mea nui kia mārama ki ōna herenga, kia whakamahia tahitia me ētahi atu tikanga hei whakatau tika, hei whakatau whai tikanga hoki. Mēnā ka whakamahia tika, ka taea e te tātari hononga te whakamārama i ngā tauira me ngā hononga e huna ana pea, ā, ka whakatairanga i te mātauranga i roto i ngā mara maha.
