Ngā Tikanga Kore-Taurite i roto i ngā Tatauranga
I roto i te ao o ngā tatauranga, ko ngā tikanga taupū tuku iho te nuinga o te wā e kaha ana ki te ao tātari. Ko te tikanga o ēnei tikanga he whakaaro mō te tohatoha taupori taketake, pērā i te āhua noa, te ōritetanga, me te āhua rārangi. Ahakoa he kaha, he whai hua hoki ngā tikanga taupū i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha, tera pea ētahi wā ka kore e taea te pupuri, ka takahi rānei i ā rātou whakaaro. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi ai ngā tikanga kore-taupū, e whakarato ana i ngā taputapu pakari me te maha o ngā whakamahinga mō te tātari tatauranga me te kore he whakaaro pakari mō te tohatoha o ngā raraunga. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga ngā kaupapa matua o ngā tikanga kore-taupū, ngā tikanga rongonui, me ā rātou tono puta noa i ngā mara rerekē.
Te Mārama ki ngā Tikanga Kore-Taurite
Ko ngā tikanga kore-taurite, e kiia ana ko ngā tikanga kore-tohatoha, he tikanga tatauranga kāore e whakaaro ana he tohatoha motuhake mō te taupori e tangohia mai ana ngā tauira. He tino painga ēnei ina mahi ana ki ngā rahi tauira iti, ngā tohatoha kāore i te mōhiotia, ngā raraunga raupapa rānei. Ko te kaha matua o ngā tikanga kore-taurite kei roto i tō rātou ngāwari me te manawanui ki te takahi i ngā whakapae taurite.
Ngā Āhuatanga Matua o ngā Tikanga Kore-Taurite
1. Te Āhua Kore-Tohatoha: Kāore e hiahiatia kia whaihia e ngā tikanga kore-taapiri ngā raraunga i tētahi tohatoha motuhake, ā, ka taea te whakamahi whānui puta noa i ngā momo huinga raraunga rerekē.
2. Pakari: Kāore i te tino arohia ēnei tikanga ki ngā raraunga tauhou me ngā raraunga piko, ā, he pono ake ngā hua ahakoa he rerekētanga.
3. Ngā Mahi Whānui: Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tikanga kore-taapiri mō ngā momo raruraru tatauranga, tae atu ki te whakamātautau whakapae, te whakatau tata, me te matapae.
4. Ngāwari: He ngāwari te whakatinana me te whakamārama i ngā tikanga kore-taapiri, ahakoa e pā ana ki ngā hanganga raraunga uaua.
Ngā Tikanga Kore-Taurite Hiranga
He maha ngā tikanga kore-taurite e kitea whānuitia ana i roto i te mahi tatauranga, ā, he kaupapa motuhake tā ia tikanga. Ko ētahi o ngā tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
1. Te Whakamātautau Tohu
He whakamātautau kore-taurite māmā te whakamātautau tohu e whakamahia ana hei aromatawai i te tau waenga o tētahi taupori. E whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā tohu (pai, kino rānei) o ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā kitenga takirua. He tino whai hua tēnei whakamātautau ina he raupapa ngā raraunga, ina kore rānei e taea te whakaaro he tohatoha noa.
– Tauira: Me kī tātou e hiahia ana ki te whakamātautau mēnā he panoni nui kei roto i te taumaha toharite o ngā tāngata i mua atu, ā, i muri mai i tētahi kaupapa kai. Ka taea e tātou te whakahaere i tētahi whakamātautau tohu mō ngā rerekētanga taumaha takirua hei whakahaere i tēnei aromatawai.
2. Te Whakamātautau Tūnga Waitohu a Wilcoxon
He huarahi kē atu te whakamātautau Wilcoxon signed-rank i te whakamātautau signed, e whakamahia ana mō te whakatairite i ngā tauira takirua. Ka whakaarohia te rahi me te ahunga o ngā rerekētanga, ā, ka nui ake ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki ngā raraunga.
– Tauira: Ka whakamahia pea e te kairangahau te whakamātautau Wilcoxon signed-rank hei whakatairite i te whai huatanga o ngā tikanga whakaako e rua ki te mahi a ngā ākonga mā roto i ngā kaute whakamātautau takirua.
3. Te Whakamātautau U Mann-Whitney
Ko te whakamātautau U a Mann-Whitney (e mōhiotia ana ko te whakamātautau rarangi-tāpeke a Wilcoxon) e whakamahia ana hei whakatairite i ngā tauira motuhake e rua. Ka aromatawaihia mēnā he rerekē ngā tohatoha o ngā taupori e rua, me te kore e whakaaro he ōrite.
– Tauira: Hei whakatairite i ngā kaute toharite mō te makona o ngā kaihoko i waenga i ngā toa e rua, ka taea te whakamahi i te whakamātautau U Mann-Whitney hei whakatau mena he rerekētanga nui ā-tatauranga i waenga i ngā whakatauranga makona o ngā toa e rua.
4. Te Whakamātautau Kruskal-Wallis
Mā te whakamātautau Kruskal-Wallis ka whakawhānui ake te whakamātautau Mann-Whitney U ki ngā rōpū neke atu i te rua. Ka aromatawaihia mēnā he rerekētanga nui i waenga i ngā tau waenga o ngā tauira motuhake maha.
– Tauira: Ka whakamahia pea e te tohunga ahuwhenua te whakamātautau Kruskal-Wallis hei whakatairite i ngā hua toharite o ngā maimoatanga tongi rerekē i whakamahia ki ētahi poraka whenua.
5. Te Whakamātautau Chi-Square
Ahakoa e whakaarohia ana i raro i te maru o ngā tatauranga tawhā, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te whakamātautau chi-square i roto i ngā horopaki kore-tawhā. Ka whakamātautau i te tū motuhake i waenga i ngā taurangi kāwai, i te pai rānei o te taunga mō tētahi taurangi kāwai kotahi.
– Tauira: Te aromatawai mēnā he hononga i waenga i te ira tangata me te manakohanga pōti i roto i tētahi pōtitanga mā te whakamātautau chi-square mō te mana motuhake.
6. Te Tātaitanga Kaplan-Meier
Ka whakamahia te tātaitanga Kaplan-Meier mō te tātaritanga oranga, e whakatau tata ana i te mahi oranga mai i ngā raraunga oranga. He tino āwhina i roto i ngā rangahau hauora mō te tātari i ngā wā oranga o te tūroro.
– Tauira: Tērā pea ka whakamahia te ine tātaitanga Kaplan-Meier i roto i tētahi whakamātautau haumanu hei whakatairite i ngā tūponotanga oranga o ngā tūroro e whiwhi ana i ngā maimoatanga rerekē e rua i roto i te wā.
Ngā Whakamahinga o ngā Tikanga Kore-Taurite
E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā tikanga kore-tawhā puta noa i ngā momo marautanga, e whakarato ana i ngā māramatanga arohaehae me te kore e herea e ngā whakapae tawhā.
1. Te Rongoā me te Hauora Tūmatanui
I roto i ngā rangahau hauora, he mea tino nui ngā tikanga kore-taurite mō te tātari i ngā raraunga oranga, ngā putanga o te tūroro, me ngā pānga maimoatanga. Hei tauira, ko te Kaplan-Meier estimator me te whakamātautau log-rank e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei aromatawai i te whai huatanga o ngā rongoā hou, o ngā tikanga hauora rānei.
2. Pūtaiao Iwi
He maha ngā wā ka mahi ngā kaipūtaiao pāpori ki ngā raraunga raupapa, ngā urupare rangahau, me ngā tohatoha kore-noa. Mā ngā whakamātautau kore-taurite pērā i te whakamātautau Mann-Whitney U me te whakamātautau Kruskal-Wallis ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whakatau tika mō ngā whanonga pāpori, ngā wawaotanga mātauranga, me ngā pānga kaupapa here.
3. Ōhanga me te Pakihi
Ka whakamahia e ngā kaipūtea me ngā kaitātari pakihi ngā tikanga kore-taurangi hei ako i ngā au o te mākete, ngā manakohanga a ngā kaihoko, me ngā tohu ōhanga. Mā te ngāwari o ēnei tikanga ka taea te tātari pakari i te aroaro o ngā tohatoha kore-Gaussian me ngā mea o waho.
4. Tikanga Taiao
Ka whakamahia e ngā kaipūtaiao taiao ngā tikanga kore-taurite hei aromatawai i ngā raraunga e pā ana ki ngā taumata parahanga, te huringa āhuarangi, me te kanorau koiora. Mā ēnei tikanga ka taea te whakatau pono mai i ngā raraunga taiao e rerekē ana i ngā tohatoha matarohia.
5. Te Hangarau
Ka whakamahia e ngā miihini ngā tikanga kore-taurite i roto i te whakahaere kounga, te whakamātautau pono, me te whakapai ake i ngā tukanga. Ka āwhina ngā tikanga pēnei i te whakamātautau rarangi-tāpeke me te whakamātautau tohu ki te aromatawai i te mahi a te hua me te tautuhi i ngā mea nui i roto i ngā tukanga hanga.
Opaniraa
He taputapu kaha, ngāwari hoki ngā tikanga kore-taurite i roto i ngā tatauranga mō te tātari raraunga kāore e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga pakari o ngā tikanga taurite. Nā te pakari, te whānui, me te ngāwari o ēnei tikanga, he mea nui ēnei i roto i ngā momo mara, mai i te rongoā ki te hangarau. Mā te waiho i ngā whakaaro mō te tohatoha taupori taketake, ka taea e ngā tikanga kore-taurite te tiki māramatanga whai tikanga mai i ngā huinga raraunga kanorau, kia mau ai te pono me te tika o ā rātou whakatau. I te mea kei te whanake tonu te uaua me te rahi o ngā raraunga, ka piki haere tonu te hiranga me te whai huatanga o ngā tikanga kore-taurite i roto i te rārangi tatauranga.
