Te Whakataurite i waenga i te Hārore Kiriata me ngā Paewhiri Rā Kiriata Angiangi mō ngā Hiahia o te Kāinga
Nā te piki haere tonu o te hiahia mō te hiko o te whare, me te akiaki i te whakaiti i ngā pire hiko me ngā tukunga waro, kua piki haere te rongonui o ngā panera rā. Heoi, i te rapu hua i te mākete, he maha ngā tāngata e pōhēhē ana ki te whiriwhiri i te momo panera tino tika. Ko ngā wāhanga matua e rua ko ngā panera rā silicon tioata me ngā panera rā kiriata-angiangi. Ka huri te rā ki te hiko e rua, engari he rerekētanga nui kei roto i te pai o te mahi, te utu, ngā whakaritenga wāhi, te pakari, tae atu ki te pai mō ngā āhuatanga o te tuanui. Ka whakatauritehia e tēnei tuhinga ngā mea e rua mō te whakamahinga kāinga.
1. Kia mōhio ki ngā panera rā silicon tioata
Ko ngā panera rā silicon tioata te momo e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā whakaurunga whare. He mea hanga ēnei panera mai i ngā anga silicon kua whakaritea kia rite ki ngā pūtau rā. E rua ngā momo rongonui:
– Monocrystalline (mono): he mea hanga mai i te tioata silicon kotahi, he mangu parauri te tae, ā, he nui ake te whai huatanga.
– Polycrystalline (poly): he mea hanga mai i ētahi tioata silicon, he kikorangi te āhua, ā, he iti ake te utu, engari he iti ake te pai o te mahi i te mono.
Nā tōna whai huatanga me te mahi kua whakamātauhia, kua noho te silicon tioata hei "paerewa" mō ngā tuanui whare noho i roto i te maha o ngā whenua.
2. Kia mōhio ki ngā panera rā angiangi
Ka hangaia ngā panera hiko angiangi mā te whakatakoto i tētahi paparanga angiangi rawa o te rauemi haurua-ira ki runga i tētahi papa pēnei i te karāhe, te konganuku, te kirihou rānei. Ko ngā hangarau kiriata angiangi noa ko:
– a-Si (silicon amorphous): te putanga kore-kirihou o te silicon.
– CdTe (cadmium telluride): he mea rongonui i runga i te tauine whaihua, i ētahi wā e wātea ana hoki i roto i ngā whakatakotoranga motuhake.
– CIGS (copper indium gallium selenide): e mōhiotia ana he pai te kaha o te mahi mō te wāhanga kiriata angiangi, ā, ka taea te hanga ngāwari.
He maha ngā wā ka whiriwhiria ngā panera kiriata angiangi ina whakaarohia te mama, te ngāwari, te mahi rānei i raro i ētahi āhuatanga mārama.
3. Whai huatanga: ko wai ka whakaputa i te hiko nui ake i ia mita tapawha?
Mō ngā whare, he mea nui te whai huatanga nā te mea he iti noa te wāhi o te tuanui. I te nuinga o te wā:
– He nui ake te whai huatanga o te silicon tioata (ina koa ko te monocrystalline), nō reira he nui ake te mana mō ia m².
– He iti ake te pai o ngā kiriata angiangi, nō reira me nui ake te horahanga e hiahiatia ana hei whakatutuki i te kaha ōrite (kWp).
Hei tauira, ki te mea kei te arotahi koe ki tētahi pūnaha 3–5 kWp i runga i tō tuanui, he māmā ake te "whakauru" i ngā panera tioata me te kore e hiahia ki te whakawhānui i te hanganga, ki te whakarere rānei i te wāhi o te tuanui.
Te whakatau o tēnei wāhanga: ki te kuiti te wāhi o te tuanui, ki te hiahia rānei koe ki te kaha nui i roto i tētahi wāhi iti, ko te silicon tioata te mea pai rawa atu.
4. Mahi i roto i ngā pāmahana wera me ngā āhuatanga o te rangi
He āhuarangi pārūrū tō Initonīhia, ā, he tino teitei te pāmahana. Ka pā te pāmahana ki te mahi a te panera: ka wera ake te panera, ka iti ake tōna putanga. Anei ētahi āhuatanga noa e wehewehe ana i a ia:
– E kīia ana he pai ake te mahi a ngā kiriata angiangi i ngā pāmahana teitei (he pai ake te "hoa" o te wera ki te horapa o te mana).
– He tino whakataetae tonu te silicon tioata, engari ka kitea pea te hekenga o te putanga ina tino wera te panera.
Heoi, i roto i ngā tono whare noho, he maha ngā wā ka nui ake te pai o te whai huatanga me ngā herenga wāhi i ēnei rerekētanga. Hei tāpiri, ko te hoahoa tāutanga, pērā i te tawhiti o ngā panera mai i te tuanui (te hauhautanga), ka āwhina i te whakaiti i te ngaronga wera.
5. Te mahi i roto i ngā āhuatanga mārama me te atarangi
He mea noa te āhua o ngā kapua, te ata pō me te ahiahi pō, ngā atarangi rānei mai i ngā rākau me ngā whare tata.
– Ka taea e te kiriata angiangi te tu atu i te mārama iti me te pai ki te whakataurite ki ētahi o ngā kōwae tioata o te whakatupuranga tawhito.
– Ka taea hoki e te silicon tioata hou me ngā hangarau pēnei i ngā pūtau haurua-tapa, PERC, ngā kaiwhakapaipai/ngā kaitahuri-iti rānei te mahi pai, ahakoa ko ngā atarangi tonu te hoariri matua o ngā panera katoa.
Mō ngā whare kua whakamarumaruhia te tuanui, ko te otinga pai ehara i te mea ko te whiriwhiri noa i te momo panera, engari ko te hoahoa pūnaha hoki: te wehenga aho, te whakamahi i te MPPT tika, te microinverter rānei.
6. Utu: te utu mō te kōwae me te utu pūnaha katoa
He tokomaha te hunga e whakaaro ana he iti ake te utu mō te whiriwhiri i ngā panera kiriata angiangi. He uaua ake te āhua o te ao tūturu.
– Mō te utu mō ia watt o te kōwae, ka taea e te kiriata angiangi te whakataetae i ētahi wāhanga, engari he iti ake te wātea mō te mākete tuanui whare noho i ētahi wā.
– Ko ngā utu pūnaha katoa (BOS—te toenga o te pūnaha) pērā i te anga, ngā taura, me te tāutanga ka teitei ake mō te kiriata angiangi nā te mea he nui ake te wāhi e hiahiatia ana, ā, i ētahi wā he nui ake ngā kōwae hei whakatutuki i te kaha ōrite.
– He mea noa ngā panera silicon tioata i te mākete, nō reira he whānui ake ngā momo waitohu, ratonga, pūtāhui, me ngā tohunga tāutanga. Ka taea e tēnei te whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā utu huna.
Mō ngā kāinga, ko te utu mō ia kWh i whakaputaina i te roanga o te wā e whakamahia ana te hiko te mea tino nui, ehara i te utu hoko noa iho o te waeine.
7. Taumaha, ngāwari me te pai o te tuanui
He rerekē ngā āhuatanga o te tuanui i Initonīhia: he tāera raima, he tāera uku, he tāera whakarewa, tae atu ki ngā pereti raima. Ko ngā mea hei whakaaroaro:
– Ko ngā panera silicon tioata he mea whakamahi i ngā anga karāhe me te konumohe, nō reira he taumaha noa iho engari he taumaha ake i ētahi kiriata angiangi.
– He mama, he ngāwari hoki ngā momo kiriata angiangi (ina koa ko ētahi CIGS), he pai mō ngā tuanui kāore i te pai mō te tautoko i ngā kawenga nunui, i ngā mata piko rānei.
Heoi anō, he maha ngā whare ka taea tonu te whakamahi i ngā panera tioata mena he pakari te hanganga o te tuanui, ā, e tutuki ana te tāutanga i ngā paerewa. Mō ngā tuanui tairongo (hei tauira, ngā whare tawhito, ngā tuanui māmā), he kōwhiringa ātaahua te kiriata angiangi—me te whakaaro anō hoki ki te mana me te wāhi.
8. Te pakari, te hekenga, me te pūtāhui
Mō ngā haumitanga mō te wā roa, he mea nui te whakamana.
– Ko te tikanga, ka tukuna e te silicon tioata he whakamana hua mō te 10–15 tau, me te whakamana mahi tae atu ki te 25 tau (i runga i te waitohu), me te heke haere o te kounga.
– Ka roa ake pea te wā whakamana e te kiriata angiangi, engari he nui te whakawhirinaki ki te kaihanga me te hangarau. He mea nui anō hoki kia whakaarohia te wātea o te tautoko i muri i te hoko.
I roto i te horopaki kāinga, ko te whiriwhiri i tētahi waitohu whai ingoa pai, whai tiwhikete, me tētahi whatunga ratonga he mea nui ake i te momo hangarau anake.
9. Te ataahua me te āhua o te tuanui
Ki ētahi kaipupuri whare, ko te āhua o ngā panera o te tuanui ka awe i te whakatau.
– He āhua ōrite, he ātaahua ake te āhua o te monocrystalline (pango).
– He kikorangi te tae o te polycrystalline i te nuinga o te wā.
– Ka taea e ngā kiriata angiangi te āhua "whakauru" ake i roto i ētahi whakamahinga, ā, ka taea hoki te hanga i roto i ngā āhua ngāwari ake, ahakoa he rite tonu te āhua o ngā tuanui tuku iho ki ngā waeine.
Mena he mea nui te ataahua, he mea rongonui te monocrystalline.
10. Ko tēhea te mea e pai ake ana mō ngā hiahia o te kāinga?
I roto i ngā mahi tūturu, ko te kōwhiringa nui mō te kāinga ko te silicon tioata, inā koa ko te monocrystalline, nā te mea:
1. Te tino whai hua → penapena wāhi tuanui
2. Mākete whānui → he maha ngā kōwhiringa, he utu whakataetae, he ngāwari te kimi i ngā tohunga hangarau
3. He pūtāhui pakari me te hītori mahi mō ngā tono tuanui
I taua wā, he pai ake ngā kiriata angiangi mēnā he hiahia motuhake āu, hei tauira:
– Kāore e taea e te tuanui te tautoko i ngā kawenga taumaha, ā, me whakamahi i ngā waeine mama.
– Kāore te mata whakairi i te papatahi, kāore hoki e hiahiatia he ngāwari.
– He tino whānui te tuanui engari me whai wāhi koe ki tētahi wāhanga e manawanui ana ki ētahi āhuatanga.
– Ētahi kaupapa hoahoa whare (hei tauira, te whakaurunga whare) e tautoko ana i ngā rauemi kiriata angiangi
Whakamutunga
Mō ngā whakamahinga kāinga noa, ko ngā panera rā silicon crystalline (ina koa ko te monocrystalline) te kōwhiringa haumaru me te tino whai hua nā te mea he nui ake te mana e puta mai ana i runga i te iti o te wāhi tuanui me te tautoko mākete kua pakeke. Heoi, he mea nui tonu ngā panera rā angiangi i roto i ētahi āhuatanga—ina koa ko te taumaha māmā, te ngāwari, ngā āhuatanga mahi rānei i raro i ngā pāmahana me ngā āhuatanga mārama motuhake he mea nui hei whakaaroaro.
Hei whakatau whai whakaaro, whakaarohia ngā mea e toru i mua i te hoko: te rahi me te āhua o tō tuanui, te kaha hiko e hiahiatia ana (kWp), me te kounga o te pūtāhui me te ratonga tāutanga. Mā te whakamahere tika, ka taea e ngā momo panera e rua te āwhina i tō whare kia pai ake te penapena pūngao me te pai hoki ki te taiao.
