Te Whai Hua o te Pūnaha Whakaputa Pūnaha Hiko i roto i ngā Pūnaha Whakaputa Pūnaha Waiariki
E mōhiotia ana ngā Whare Mana Pūngao Geothermal (PLTP), arā, ngā whare mana pūngao geothermal, he puna pūngao whakahou pono nā te mea he pumau ā rātou mahi hei whakaputa hiko taketake. Kei muri i tēnei pumautanga kei reira he raupapa roa o ngā tukanga whakawhiti pūngao: mai i te wera geothermal ki te pūngao miihini mai i ngā tāpine, kātahi ki te pūngao hiko mā roto i ngā whakaputa hiko. I tēnei wāhanga whakamutunga ka tino hira te mahi a te whakaputa hiko. Ehara i te mea ko te pai o te whakaputa hiko anake te mea e whakatau ana i te nui o te pūngao hiko ka taea te "hauhake" mai i te hurihanga o te tāpine, engari ka pā hoki ki ngā utu whakahaere, te pono o te pūnaha, me te mahi whānui o te tipu.
Te Tūnga o te Pūngao Whakaputa i roto i te Mekameka Whakawhiti Pūngao Pūngao Taiao
I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakamahia te pūngao wera mai i te puna waiariki hei whakaputa i te mamaoa (i tētahi atu wai mahi rānei), ka huri i te tāpine. Ka honoa te pou tāpine ki tētahi whakaputa hiko tukutahi (i te nuinga o te wā) hei whakaputa hiko. I tēnei wā, ka hurihia te pūngao miihini (taipana me te hurihanga) hei pūngao hiko mā te whakapūngao hikohiko. Ko te whai huatanga o te whakaputa hiko e whakaatu ana i te nui o te mana miihini o te pou ka hurihia hei putanga hiko, i muri i te tango i ngā mate o roto.
Ahakoa he teitei te whai huatanga o ngā whakaputa hiko hou (i waenga i te 97–99% mō ngā waeine nui), he nui te pānga ki ngā mahi tonu 24/7 pērā i ngā tipu hiko geothermal. Mā te rerekētanga o te 0,5% noa iho ka nui te ngaronga o te pūngao i roto i te tau, ā, ka piki ake te utu hiko (LCOE) me ngā utu whakamatao tāpiri.
Te Whakamāramatanga me te Me Pēhea te Ine i te Whai Hua o te Pūnaha Hanga
Ko te whai huatanga o te whakaputa hiko e tautuhia whānuitia ana penei:
η = (P_out / P_in) × 100%
– P_out : mana whakaputa hiko (i te pūrua)
– P_in : te urunga mana miihini ki te pou whakaputa (mai i te tāpine)
Heoi, i te mara, ehara i te mea ngāwari te ine tika i te P_in. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka whakatauhia te whai huatanga mai i ngā ngaronga i tatauhia i runga i ngā raraunga whakahaere, ngā whakamātautau whakaae wheketere, ngā whakamātautau papa rānei. I roto i te horopaki o ngā tipu hiko waiariki, me whai whakaaro hoki te aromatawai whai huatanga ki ngā rerekētanga o te kawenga, te tauwehenga mana, te pāmahana whakahaere, te kounga whakamatao, me ngā āhuatanga whakamahana me te whakaritenga miihini.
Ngā Pūtake o ngā Ngaronga i roto i ngā Pūnaha Whakaputa Pūngao Waiariki
Ka pāngia te whai huatanga o te whakaputa hiko e ngā mate maha, ā, ka taea te whakarōpū i ēnei ki:
1. Te Ngaronga Parahi
Ka puta ngā ngaronga parahi nā te mea ka puta te wera i roto i ngā takai stator me te rotor nā te ātete (I²R). I ngā kawenga teitei, ka nui haere ngā ngaronga parahi. I roto i ngā tipu hiko geothermal, ka mau tonu te ia pumau o te mahi kawenga turanga, engari ka taea e ngā rerekētanga o te tauwehenga mana me te ngaohiko te whakarerekē i te rahi o te ia, ā, ka whakarerekē i ngā ngaronga parahi.
2. Te Ngaronga o te Rino/Matua
Kei roto i ngā ngaronga rino ko te hysteresis me te ngaronga o te au hurihuri i roto i te matua rino stator nā te rerekētanga o te rerenga aukume. E pā ana ēnei ngaronga ki te ngaohiko, te auau, me te kounga o te rauemi matua. Nā te mea he auau pumau te mahi a ngā miihini whakaputa hiko (50/60 Hz), he pumau tonu ngā ngaronga rino, engari ka piki ake mēnā ka nui rawa te rerenga (hei tauira, mēnā he teitei rawa te ngaohiko i te auau pumau).
3. Ngā Ngaronga Ā-Mīhini (Te Hau me te Waku)
Ka puta ngā mate miihini i te waku o te peera me te hau i runga i ngā wāhanga e hurihuri ana. I roto i ngā miihini whakaputa nui e hurihuri ana i te tere tukutahi, he mea noa iho ngā mate miihini, inā koa mēnā he raruraru kei te pūnaha whakahinuhinu, kei te whakaritenga rānei o te pou.
4. Ngaronga Tāpiri (Ngaronga Utaina Koretake)
Ko ētahi atu mate ko ngā pānga o ngā hauropi, te turuturu o te rere, ngā hapa hanga, me ētahi atu āhuatanga hikohiko e puta ake ana i raro i te kawenga. He uaua ake te wehewehe i ēnei mate, ā, me whai tikanga whakamātautau motuhake hei whakatau tata.
5. Ngā Ngaronga i roto i te Pūnaha Whakaoho me te Whakamatao
Haunga ngā ngaronga o roto o te pūkaha whakaputa hiko, kei reira anō te whakapaunga hiko mō te pūnaha whakaoho, ngā pā hau, ngā papu whakamatao, te pūnaha whakamatao hauwai rānei (i roto i ētahi hoahoa). Ahakoa i ētahi wā ka kiia he hiko āwhina, mai i te tirohanga a te pūnaha whakaputa hiko, ka pā katoa ēnei ki te whai huatanga kupenga.
Ngā Wero Motuhake o ngā Taiao Pūngao-Nui
He rerekē ngā āhuatanga taiao o ngā miihini whakaputa hiko i roto i ngā tipu hiko waiariki mai i ērā o ngā tipu hiko waiariki tuku iho.
1. Te nui o te H2S me ngā hau waikura
Kei roto i ētahi papa waiariki ngā hau waikura pērā i te hauwai whanariki (H2S). Mēnā kāore i te rawaka ngā pūnaha hauhautanga me te hiri, ka tere ake te pirau o ngā wāhanga, tae atu ki ngā hononga hiko me ngā mowhiti pito, ā, ka piki ake te ngaronga me te mōrearea o te pakaru.
2. Te haumākū me te poke
Ka taea e te haumākū nui me te poke pea te whakakino i te āputa hiko. Ka puta te turuturu o te au, te wera ā-rohe, ā, ka piki ake te tūponotanga o te tukunga hau hapa i te mea kua pakaru te āputa hiko.
3. Ngā rerekētanga o ngā āhuatanga o te mamaoa me ngā kawenga tāpine
Ahakoa he pumau te tipu hiko waiariki, ka rerekē pea te hanga mamaoa nā te tauine, ngā panonitanga o te pēhanga o te puna wai, ngā āhuatanga rānei o te puna. Ka pā pea ēnei rerekētanga ki te kawenga o te kaihanga hiko, te tauwehenga mana, me te pāmahana whakahaere, ā, ka whai wāhi katoa ēnei ki ngā panonitanga whai huatanga.
Ngā Take Whakahaere e Whakatau ana i te Whai Huatanga
He maha ngā taurangi whakahaere e whai pānga nui ana:
– Te Utaina: He pai rawa te whai huatanga o ngā whakaputa hiko i roto i tētahi awhe kawenga motuhake. Mēnā he iti rawa te mahi, ka nui ake ngā mate pumau (mate matua, mate miihini).
– Tauwehenga mana: ka whakanuia e te tauwehenga mana iti te iahiko mō te mana hohe ōrite, nō reira ka piki ake ngā mate parahi.
– Te pāmahana: ka piki ake te ātete o te takai i te pāmahana. Ka piki ake te ngaronga o te parahi i te korenga o te whakamatao, ā, ka tere ake te tawhito o te whakamarumaru.
– Kounga ngaohiko: ka taea e te whakapōturitanga o te rangimārie, te ngaohiko taurite kore rānei te whakanui ake i ngā mate me te whakamahana.
Ngā Rautaki hei Whakanui me te Pupuri i te Whai Hua o te Pūnaha Whakaputa Hiko
1. Te Kōwhiri i te Hoahoa me te Whakatauranga Tika
Mai i te wāhanga hoahoa, me whakarite te kōwhiringa o ngā pūkaha hiko ki ngā āhuatanga o te tāpine me te āhua mahi o te tipu hiko waiariki. Mā te rahi rawa ka hua ake he mahi kawenga ā-wāhanga, ka whakaiti i te pai o te mahi. I tetahi atu taha, mā te iti rawa ka piki ake te pāmahana me te ngaronga parahi.
2. Te Arotau i te Pūnaha Whakamatao
He mea nui te whakamatao pai. Mā te horoi i te whakawhiti wera, te whakahaere i te rere o te whakamatao, me te aroturuki i ngā pāmahana o te takai (mā ngā RTD, ngā pūoko wera rānei) ka āwhina i te pupuri i te ātete iti me te ārai i ngā werawera.
3. Te Tiaki Ārai me te Tiaki Matapae
Ka taea e tētahi kaupapa tiaki pakari te ārai i te hekenga o te whai huatanga, hei tauira:
– te tirotiro i ngā peera me ngā pūnaha whakahinuhinu,
– whakamātautau wehewehe (IR/PI), te parauri parauri, me te tukunga wāhanga,
– te taurite me te tirotiro i te whakatikatika o te rotor,
– te horoi ā-roto i te puehu/ngā matūriki ka whakararuraru i te hauhautanga.
4. Pūnaha Whakahaere Mana me te Pūnaha Whakaohooho
Mā te whakahaere tika i te whakaohooho ka āwhina i te pupuri i te ngaohiko me te tauwehenga mana kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga o te pūnaha. Mā te karo i te mahi me te tauwehenga mana iti rawa ka whakaiti i te iahiko stator me ngā mate I²R. I roto i ngā whatunga e hiahia ana ki te tautoko mana tauhohe, he pai ake ngā rautaki utu ā-waho (hei tauira, ngā pūnga, ngā STATCOM rānei) i ētahi wā i te akiaki i te whakaputa hiko ki te mahi i raro i ngā āhuatanga e whakanui ake ana i te wera.
5. Aroturuki Ipurangi me te Tātari Raraunga
He maha ngā tipu hiko waiariki (PLTP) e whakamahi ana i te aroturukitanga āhua ipurangi i tēnei wā, tae atu ki te wiri, te pāmahana, te iahiko/ngaohiko, me te tātari au. Mā te huarahi e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga, ka taea te kite wawe i ngā hekenga o te whai huatanga—hei tauira, mā te whakanui ake i te pāmahana stator i te kawenga kotahi, mā ngā huringa rānei o ngā ngaronga hauhautanga nā te aukati i ngā paipa hau.
Te Pānga o te Whai Hua o ngā Pūnaha Whakaputa Hiko ki te Mahi a te Whare Hiko Pūnaha Ā-Wharewhenua
He maha ngā āhuatanga nui e pā ana ki te whai huatanga o te whakaputa hiko:
– Te putanga mana kupenga: ka nui ake ngā mate o te whakaputa hiko, ka iti ake te mana e hokona ana ki te whatunga hiko.
– Ngā whakaritenga whakamatao me ngā kawenga āwhina: ka hurihia ngā ngaronga hei wera me pana atu, ka nui ake te mahi a te pūnaha whakamatao.
– Te pono me te roa o te ora o ngā rawa: ko te nui o ngā mate ka tohu i te teitei o ngā pāmahana, ka tere ake te koroheketanga o te whakamarumaru, ka nui ake hoki te tūponotanga o te rahunga.
– Te ōhanga kaupapa: i roto i te whakahaere kawenga turanga, ahakoa ngā whakapainga iti o te whai huatanga ka hua ake he tāpiringa pūngao nui ā-tau, ka piki ake te moni whiwhi me te whakaheke i ngā utu mō ia kWh.
Te Katinga
I roto i tētahi tipu hiko waiariki, ko te pūkaha hiko te pito whakamutunga o te hurihanga pūngao, e whakatau ana i te whai huatanga o te whakawhiti i te mana hurihuri o te tāpine ki te hiko. Ahakoa he teitei te whai huatanga o te pūkaha hiko, ko ngā ngaronga parahi, ngā ngaronga rino, me ngā ngaronga miihini, tae atu ki ngā wero motuhake ki te taiao waiariki, ka taea te whakaheke i te mahi i roto i te wā. Nā te mea kei te mahi tonu ngā tipu hiko waiariki, ko te pupuri i te whai huatanga o te pūkaha hiko mā te hoahoa tika, te whakamatao pai, te whakahaere i te ine mana, me te tiaki me te aroturuki e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga ka whakarato i ngā painga maha: te pikinga o te pūngao ma, te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere, me te roa o te ora o ngā taputapu.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri i tētahi tauira tatau māmā (hei tauira, te pānga o te rerekētanga 0,5% o te whai huatanga ki te whakaputanga pūngao ā-tau i tētahi tipu hiko waiariki 55 MW), ka taea rānei e au te hanga i tēnei tuhinga me tētahi hanganga hautaka (whakarāpopototanga–tikanga–kōrero–whakamutunga) e hiahiatia ana.
