Te Hoahoa me te Tāutanga o te Whare Hiko Pūngao Geothermal
Ko te tipu hiko waiariki (PLTP) he tipu hiko e whakamahi ana i te wera waiariki hei whakaputa hiko. He rerekē ki ngā tipu hiko wahie pūmua, ka whakamahia e ngā tipu hiko waiariki ngā pūtake hiko e wātea ana i raro i te mata o te Ao, inā koa i ngā wāhi he nui ngā mahi puia, he nui rānei ngā pikinga wera. Nā te mea ka taea e rātou te mahi hei tipu hiko kawenga taketake me te nui o te wātea, he pou nui ngā PLTP mō te whakawhiti hiko, tae atu ki Indonesia, he nui te kaha waiariki. E matapakihia ana i roto i tēnei tuhinga ngā mātāpono hoahoa, ngā wāhanga matua, me ngā wāhanga tāutanga o tētahi tipu hiko waiariki.
1. Ngā Mātāpono Mahi me ngā Momo Huringa o te Whare Mana Pūngao Geothermal
I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakawhitia te wera mai i te puna waiariki ki te wai mahi hei huri i te tāpine e hono ana ki te whakaputa hiko. Ko te whiriwhiri i te momo huringa hiko ka whakatauhia e te pāmahana me ngā āhuatanga o te wai puna:
1. Te Kohu Maroke
Ka rere tika te mamaoa maroke mai i te puna whakaputa ki te tāpine. He māmā noa iho tēnei pūnaha, engari he pai anake mō ngā mara he nui te nui o te mamaoa me te kounga teitei o te mamaoa.
2. Te Kohu Whakaata (Kotahi/Kotahi te Whakaata)
Ko ngā wai wera whenua he wai wera pēhanga teitei te nuinga. Ina whakaitihia te pēhanga (i roto i te wehewehe), ka "kanapa" ētahi o te wai hei mamaoa, ka huri i te tāpine. Ka whakamahia e ngā pūnaha kanapa-rua ngā taumata wehenga e rua hei whakanui ake i te pai o te mahi.
3. Huringa Rua (ORC/Kalina)
Mō ngā pāmahana waenga, ka whakamahanahia e te pūngao waiariki he wai tuarua he iti te kohua (hei tauira, te isobutane/pentane, he ranunga haukini-wai rānei). Ka mimiti te wai tuarua ka huri i te tāpine. Ko te painga he tino iti ngā tukunga nā te mea kāore te wai waiariki e tomo tika ki te tāpine, ā, kei roto i te pūnaha kati te nuinga o te wā.
Ko te kōwhiringa huringa te whakatau wawe i te hoahoa nā te mea ka pā ki te whirihoranga o ngā paipa, ngā taputapu matua, te utu me te mahi.
2. Wāhanga Hoahoa: Mai i te Akoranga Tuatahi ki te WHĀNGAI
Ka tīmata te hoahoa o ngā tipu hiko waiariki i mua noa atu i te hanganga. Kei roto i te wāhanga tuatahi:
– Ngā rangahau matawhenua, matūwhenua, me te matawhenua ā-tinana hei mahere i ngā pūnaha waiariki.
– Te tūhuratanga me te keri i ngā puna hei tiki raraunga mō te pēhanga, te pāmahana, te tere rere, me te hanganga wai.
– Whakamātautau whakaputa (whakamātautau puna) hei whakarite i te kaha o te puna me te pumau o te puna wai.
Kia kitea te whai hua o te rauemi, ka whakahaerehia te WHĀNGA me te WHĀNGA (Hoahoa Hangarau o Mua). I tēnei wāhanga, ka whakawhanakehia e ngā kaihangarau he pūtake hoahoa: te kaha ūnga (hei tauira, 55 MW), te momo huringa, ngā tawhā whakahaere matua, ngā whāinga wātea, ngā whakaritenga hononga whatunga, me ngā here taiao me te pāpori.
3. Ngā Wāhanga Matua i roto i te Hoahoa o te Whare Mana Pūngao Geothermal
a. Pūnaha Puna Whakaputa me te Werohanga
E whakawhirinaki ana ngā tipu hiko waiariki ki ngā puna whakaputa me ngā puna werohanga e rua. Ka hiki ake ngā puna whakaputa i ngā waiariki ki te mata, ko ngā puna werohanga ia ka whakahoki mai i te wai tote/waikawa hei pupuri i te pēhanga o te puna me te pumau o ngā rauemi. Ka whakaarohia e te hoahoa:
– te hohonu me te whānui o te anga,
– te whakahaere i te waikura me te tauine,
– rautaki werohanga hei ārai i te putanga wera (te whakamatao tere i roto i te rohe whakaputa).
b. Pūnaha Kohikohi (Paipa Kohikohi)
Ka rere te wai mai i ētahi puna mā roto i tētahi whatunga paipa ki te whare matua. Kei roto i te hoahoa o te pūnaha kohikohi:
– te kōwhiringa o ngā rauemi paipa (ātete ki te waikura/te horo),
– te whakatau i te diameter hei whakaiti i te hekenga pēhanga,
– te whakatakotoranga o ngā papa puna, ngā teihana takirere, me ngā pūnaha waikeri/pūhaumāota,
– te utu mō te whakawhānui wera (te koropiko whakawhānui, te tautoko, te punga).
c. Kaiwhakawehe me te Horoi (mō te Mamao Tūroa)
I roto i tētahi tipu hiko waiariki tere, ka wehea te mamaoa me te wai tote e tētahi wehewehe. Ka whakaitihia e ngā kaihoroi ngā pata wai hei whakarite kia uru te mamaoa kounga teitei ki roto i te tāpine, ā, ka ārai i te pirau o te mata. Ka whakaarohia e te hoahoa wehewehe te tere rere, te wāhanga mamaoa, ngā rerekētanga pēhanga, me te kaha o te kawe.
d. Ngā Tāpine me ngā Pūkaha Hiko
Kua hangaia ngā tāwhana waiariki mō ngā āhuatanga mamaoa he rerekē i ērā o te mamaoa pūwero tuku iho: te nui o te hau kāore e taea te whakapūpū, te waikura pea, me ngā rerekētanga o te kounga o te mamaoa. Kua hangaia te pūnaha whakaputa hiko me te pūnaha tukutahi kia ōrite ki te auau me te ngaohiko whatunga, tae atu ki te tiaki (ngā whakawhiti) me ngā pūnaha whakaoho.
e. Pūwhakamātao, Pou Whakamatao, me te Pūnaha Whakamatao
I roto i te maha o ngā tipu hiko waiariki, ka whakakōpikopikohia te mamaoa putanga mai i te tāpine hei whakanui ake i te whai huatanga. Ka taea te pūnaha whakamatao te:
– te pourewa whakamatao mākū (he pai engari me whakamahi wai),
– pūwhakamātao hau (he penapena wai, engari ka pāngia te mahi e te pāmahana taiao).
Ko te kōwhiringa o te pūnaha whakamatao ka pāngia e te wātea o te wai, ngā āhuatanga o te rangi, me ngā whakaritenga taiao.
f. Pūnaha Tango Hau
Ka taea e ngā hau kāore e taea te whakapūpū (hei tauira, te CO₂ me te H₂S) te whakararuraru i te korehau o te whakapūpū. Nō reira, ka whakamahia ngā pūwero mamaoa, ngā papu korehau rānei. Mō te H₂S, he maha ngā wā ka tāutahia ngā pūnaha whakahaere tukunga (hei tauira, ngā mea horoi, ngā tikanga whakapūpū rānei), me te whai i ngā ture kounga hau.
g. Ngā Pūnaha Hiko me ngā Hononga Whatunga
Kei roto i ngā whakaurunga hiko:
– te whakawhiti hiko-whakapiki,
– te papa whakawhiti,
– ngā taura hiko, te tiaki, me te SCADA,
– ngā rangahau pūnaha hiko: te rere o te kawenga, te ara iahiko poto, ngā harmonika, me te pumau.
Ko te hononga ki te whatunga hiko me tutuki i ngā ture whatunga, tae atu ki te kaha eke-mā roto me te whakahaere mana tauhohe.
h. Ngā taputapu, te whakahaere, me te haumaru
Ko te DCS/PLC te kaiwhakahaere o te tukanga, ko te SIS (Safety Instrumented System) te kaiwhakahaere mō te tiakitanga nui. Ko ngā āhuatanga haumaru nui ko:
– te tiaki i te pēhanga nui rawa,
– Te kimi H₂S,
– pūnaha tinei ahi,
– ngā tikanga tīmatanga/whakamutu me te urupare āwhatiwhati.
4. Ngā Whakaaroaro Rauemi: Te Waikura, Te Tauine, me te Pono
Kei roto pea i ngā wai werawera te hauota, te silica, me ngā hau waikawa. Ko ngā raruraru e rua e tino kitea ana ko:
– Te waikura o ngā paipa, ngā takirere, me ngā taputapu; te whakaiti mā te whiriwhiri rauemi, ngā paninga, ngā aukati, me ngā whakahaere matū.
– Te whakapūtanga (te whakatakotoranga o te silica/carbonate) e ārai ana i ngā paipa, e whakaiti ana hoki i te mahi; ka whakaitihia mā te whakahaere pāmahana/pēhanga, te inenga matū, me ngā hoahoa hei whakahaere i te horoi.
Ko te pono o te pūnaha hiko ka ahu mai i te hoahoa tauutuutu i roto i ngā papu, i ngā pūnaha hiko matua, me ngā rautaki tiaki e hangai ana ki te āhua o te hiko.
5. Ngā Wāhanga Tāutanga: Mai i ngā Mahi Ā-Iwi ki te Whakatūnga
a. Ngā Mahi Whakarite me ngā Mahi Ā-Iwi
Ka tīmata te tāutanga mā te hanganga o ngā rori urunga, te whakarite whenua, te waikeri, me ngā turanga. Nā te mea he maha ngā papa waiariki kei ngā wāhi maunga, he mea nui te whakamahere hangarau whenua me te whakaiti i te horo whenua. Kei roto hoki i tēnei wāhanga te hanganga o ngā puna wai, ngā wāhi tipu, me ngā whare tautoko (ngā awheawhe, ngā whare putunga, me ngā puni).
b. Te Tāutanga o ngā Taputapu Matua
I tāutahia ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā wehewehe, ngā tāpine, ngā whakaputa hiko, ngā whakamātao, me ngā pourewa whakamatao i runga anō i te raupapatanga o te hanganga. I hiahiatia he mahere whakatū pakari mō te hiki i ngā taura nā te taumaha me te wāhi uaua. He mahi tino tika te whakarite i te tāpine me te whakaputa hiko hei ārai i te wiri nui i te wā e whakahaerehia ana.
c. Ngā Paipa me te Tāutanga Mīhini
Ka tāutahia ngā paipa mamaoa me te wai tote me te whai whakaaro ki:
– te whakarewa kounga me te NDT (ira-irirangi/UT),
– whakamātautau wai, whakamātautau hau rānei e ai ki te tikanga,
– te tāutanga o ngā tautoko, ngā hononga whakawhānui, me ngā takirere,
– te whakamarumaru hei whakaiti i te ngaronga wera me te tiaki i ngā kaimahi.
d. Tāutanga Hiko me ngā Taputapu
Kei roto i te mahi te tāutanga o ngā taura hiko, ngā paepae, ngā panera, ngā whakawhiti hiko, ngā taputapu whakawhiti hiko, te whenua, me ngā taputapu mara (pēhanga/pāmahana/rere). Ka mahia te whakatikatika taputapu me te whakaurunga whakahaere i mua i te whakamātautau mahi.
e. Te Whakatūnga i mua i te Whakatūnga me te Whakatūnga
Kei roto i tēnei wāhanga:
– te horoi me te horoi i ngā paipa,
– whakamātautau hurihanga tāpine (taputapu ārai/hurihanga),
– te whakakaha haere i te pūnaha hiko,
– te pupuhi mamaoa (hei horoi i ngā raina mamaoa),
– te tukutahitanga o ngā kaihanga hiko ki te whatunga hiko,
– whakamātautau mahi hei whakamatau i te putanga me te tere wera,
– te pono o te whakahaere hei whakarite i te pumau o te mahi.
Ko te angitu o te whakatinanatanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te mahi tahi a ngā marautanga maha me te piripono ki ngā tikanga haumaru.
6. Ngā Āhuatanga Taiao me te Hapori i roto i te Hoahoa me te Hanganga
He iti ake ngā tukunga o ngā tipu hiko waiariki i ngā wahie pūmua, engari he pānga tonu kei reira me whakahaere:
– Te H₂S me te haunga: me whai pūnaha aroturuki me te whakahaere.
– Te whakahaere i te tote: mā te werohanga haumaru ka ārai i te poke o te wai mata.
– Te haruru i te wā e keri ana me te whakaputanga mamaoa: te whakaiti mā roto i ngā whakangāwari me te whakaritenga.
– Te kanorau koiora me te whenua: me whakaiti te hoahoa o ngā tapuwae, ngā huarahi paipa me te urunga ki te rori i ngā raruraru.
He mea nui te whai wāhi a te hapori, te māramatanga o ngā painga o te rohe, me te māramatanga o ngā mōhiohio mō te pumau o te kaupapa.
7. Whakamutunga
He mahi maha-mātauranga te hoahoa me te tāutanga o tētahi tipu hiko waiariki e whakakotahi ana i te pūtaiao puna wai, te hangarau tukanga, te hangarau mīhini, te hangarau hiko, me te whakahaere taiao. Ko ngā whakataunga wawe—pērā i te kōwhiringa huringa (whakaata, takirua rānei), te rautaki poka whakaputa-wero, me te whirihoranga pūnaha whakamatao—ka pā ki te utu, te whai huatanga, me te pono mō te wā roa. I te wā tāutanga, ko ngā wero matua ka puta mai i ngā āhuatanga uaua o te papaanga, te kounga o ngā paipa me te whakaritenga taputapu hurihuri, me ngā tikanga haumaru pakari. Mā te whakamahere tupato me te whakahaere tika, ka taea e ngā tipu hiko waiariki te noho hei puna pumau mō te hiko ma, e tautoko ana i te haumarutanga pūngao me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga ki te horopaki o Initonīhia (te tukanga whakaaetanga, ngā paerewa whānui, me ngā tauira whirihoranga o ngā tipu hiko waiariki 55 MW, 110 MW rānei) ka taea rānei e au te hanga i tētahi putanga hangarau ake me tētahi tūtohi rere tukanga (PFD) me te rārangi taputapu.
