Pūnaha whakahaere hau mō te arotau i te mahi
Ko ngā tāwhana hau tētahi o ngā hangarau pūngao whakahou tino tere te tipu i te ao. Heoi, ko te whakaputa hiko mai i te hau ehara i te mea ko te whakapiri noa i ngā mata nui ki ngā pourewa teitei. He matapōkere te hau, he rerekē, ā, he pānga ki ngā āhuatanga ā-rohe pēnei i te whenua, te aueue, me ngā huringa o te rangi i ia rā. Nō reira, he mahi nui tā ngā pūnaha whakahaere tāwhana hau ki te whakarite kia mahi haumaru, kia pumau, kia puta ai te pūngao nui. E matapakihia ana e tēnei tuhinga ngā ariā, ngā wāhanga, ngā rautaki, me ngā wero o ngā pūnaha whakahaere tāwhana hau ki te arotau i te mahi.
He aha te take e hiahiatia ai he pūnaha whakahaere?
E toru ngā whāinga matua o te whakahaere i ngā tāpine hau: (1) te whakanui ake i te hopunga pūngao i ngā tere hau iti ki te reo, (2) te whakawhāiti i ngā kawenga mīhini me te pupuri i te haumaru i ngā hau nui, me te (3) te pupuri i te kounga o te hiko me te hototahi ki te whatunga hiko. Ki te kore he whakahaere tika, ka pāngia ngā tāpine e te tere nui rawa, te ngenge nā ngā kawenga hihiri, me ngā rerekētanga hiko e whakararuraru ana i te whatunga hiko.
I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakahaerehia ngā tāpine i roto i ētahi rohe i runga i te tere o te hau. I ngā tere i raro i te pūwāhi "tapahi", ka kore te tāpine e mahi. I waenganui i te tere tapahi me te tere whakatauranga, ka arotahi te mana whakahaere ki te whakanui i te pūngao. I runga ake i te tere whakatauranga me te pūwāhi "tapahi", ka arotahi te mana whakahaere ki te pupuri i te mana whakatauranga me te aukati i te kino.
Ngā wāhanga matua o te pūnaha whakahaere
Ko ngā pūnaha whakahaere hau hou he huinga o ngā taputapu me ngā pūmanawa:
1. Pūoko
Me whiwhi ngā tāpine i ngā raraunga wā-tūturu pēnei i te tere me te ahunga o te hau (te anemometer me te vane hau), te tere o te rotor, te nekehanga o te mata, te iahiko/ngaohiko o te whakaputa hiko, te wiri, te pāmahana o te pouaka miihini, me ngā āhuatanga o te pūnaha waipēhi, hiko rānei. Mō ngā tāpine nui ake, ka āwhina ngā pūoko tāpiri pēnei i ngā ine whakatere nacelle me ngā pūoko kawenga mata ki te whakahaere kawenga.
2. Kaiwhakaoho
Ko ngā kaiwhakahaere matua ko:
– Pūnaha papa: ka huri i te koki o ngā mata ki te hau hei whakahaere i te hiki me te taipana aerodynamic.
– Pūnaha yaw: ka hurihia te nacelle kia anga te rotor ki te ahunga o te hau.
– Pūhiko whakaputa hiko/kaitahuri: e whakahaere ana i te taipana hikohiko me te tere o te rotor mā te whakahaere kaitahuri.
– Pūnaha pēki: ngā pēki ā-rangi (te piki ki te huruhuru) me ngā pēki ā-ringa hei tiaki.
3. Kaiwhakahaere (PLC/Kaiwhakahaere Ahumahi)
Ko te roro o te pūnaha whakahaere ka tukatuka i ngā raraunga pūoko, ka whakahaere i ngā rauropi, ka tuku whakahau ki ngā kaiwhakaoho, ka whakahaere hoki i ngā aratau whakahaere (tīmata, noa, whakahaere tupuhi, whakaweto ohorere). Ka honoa hoki te pūmana ki tētahi pūnaha SCADA mō te aroturuki mamao.
Ngā rautaki whakahaere mō te arotau i te pūngao
1. Mana whakahaere taipana whakaputa (i raro iho i te whakatauranga)
I ngā tere hau iti ki te reo, ko te whāinga kia tutuki he ōwehenga tino pai mō te pito-tere—te ōwehenga i waenga i te tere o te pito o te mata me te tere o te hau—e whakanui ana i te tauwehenga mana (Cp). Ko tētahi rautaki noa ko te Aroturuki Pūtake Mana Nui (MPPT). He māmā noa iho, ka whakahaere te kaiwhakahaere i te taipana whakaputa kia whai ai te tere o te rotor i tētahi kōpiko tino pai me te hau.
Ka taea te hanga i ngā tikanga MPPT i runga i:
– E hangai ana ki te tauira: e whakamahi ana i ngā tauira ā-hauora me ngā tawhā tāpine.
– Rapu-ā-ringa: ka whakarerekē haere i te pūwāhi tautuhinga (whakakorikori me te tirotiro) kia kitea ai te mana mōrahi.
– E hangai ana ki te tātaitanga: e whakamahi ana i ngā tātaitanga tere hau whai hua mai i ngā taurangi rotor me te whakaputa hiko.
Ko ngā painga o te whakahaere taipana ko te tere o te urupare me te tino whai huatanga, inā koa i roto i ngā tāpine me ngā kaitahuri katoa ka taea te whakahaere i ngā tere rerekē.
2. Te whakahaere i te papa (kei runga ake i te whakatauranga)
Ina nui ake te tere o te hau i ngā tere kua tohua, ka tūpono ngā tāpine ki te whakaputa i te kaha nui rawa atu me te taumaha rawa. I tēnei wāhanga, ko te rautaki matua ko te pikinga o te koki o te hau hei whakaiti i te tōia ā-hau me te pupuri i te putanga mana pumau i te uara kua tohua.
Ko te mana whakahaere pitch he tikanga whakamahi i tētahi mana whakahaere PID, i ētahi atu momo rānei. Ko te wero he whakaroa, he rohenga tere pitch hoki ngā nekehanga mata me ngā kaiwhakaoho pitch. Mena he kaha rawa te mana whakahaere, ka puta pea ngā wiri; ki te puhoi rawa, ka tere rawa te rotor. Nō reira, he maha ngā tāpine e whakamahi ana i te whakaritenga whakanui: ka whakarerekētia ngā tawhā whakahaere i runga i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere (hei tauira, te tere rotor, te koki pitch rānei).
Te whakahaere i te whāwhā hei whakanui ake i te hopunga pūngao
Mā te yaw ka anga te rotor ki te hau. Ka whakaitihia te pūngao e ngā hapa yaw nā te mea ka whakaitihia te wāhanga hau whai hua o te rotor. Heoi, ka hangaia hoki e te yaw he kawenga tāpiri nā te mea ka taea e ngā nekehanga yaw maha te whakanui ake i te kakahu o ngā taputapu yaw me te whakanui ake i ngā kawenga hanganga nā te he o te tūnga hihiri.
Ka ngana ngā rautaki whakapai ake i te piko ki te whakataurite i:
– Whakanuia te kaha (whakaitihia te hapa yaw),
– Ka whakaiti i te ngohe o te yaw (ka karo i te nekehanga whakamuri me te whakamuri ina rerekē te hau),
– Whakahaerehia ngā kawenga i runga i ngā hanganga nacelle me te pourewa.
Ka taea e ngā rauropi hou te whakauru i ngā tātari ahunga hau, ngā rohe mate (ngā rohe manawanui), me te arorau whakatau e whai whakaaro ana ki te aueue.
Te whakahaere kawenga me te roa o te wā o te wāhanga
Ehara i te mea ko te whakaputa pūngao anake te kaupapa o te arotautanga mahi, engari ko te wātea me ngā utu tiaki anō hoki. Ko ngā kawenga huringa i runga i ngā mata, ngā pokapū, ngā pouaka miihini, ngā peera, me ngā pourewa te tino take o te ngenge o ngā rauemi. Ka whai wāhi ngā pūnaha whakahaere ki te whakaiti i te kawenga mā roto i ētahi huarahi:
1. Mana Whakahaere Pitch Takitahi (IPC)
I roto i tētahi tāpine e toru ngā mata, ka taea te whakahaere motuhake i ia mata hei whakaiti i ngā kawenga kore taurite i puta mai i te kutikuti (ka piki ake te tere o te hau i te teitei) me te aueue. Ka whakaitihia e te IPC ngā kawenga ngenge i runga i te pakiaka mata me te pourewa, engari ka whakapiki ake i te uaua o te whakahaere me te hiahia mō ngā kaiwhakaoho tere ake.
2. Mana whakahaere whakamātao pourewa
Ka taea te whakamahi i te mana whakahaere i te piko, i te taipana rānei hei whakaiti i ngā wiri o te pourewa, inā koa i ngā auau tūturu o te hanganga. Ka whakaitihia te wiri, ka roa ake hoki te ora o te hanganga.
3. Mana whakahaere hurihuri o te pūnaha taraiwa
Ka taea e te whakahaere taipana o te whakaputa hiko te whakaiti i ngā wiriwiri torsional i roto i te pūnaha taraiwa, inā koa i te wā e raruraru ana te whatunga hiko, e huri ohorere ana rānei te hau, ā, mā reira ka tiakina te pouaka miihini me te mamau.
Te whakaurunga ki te whatunga hiko (tautoko whatunga)
Kāore ngā tāhū hau hou e "whai" noa i te whatunga hiko, engari e tautoko ana hoki. He maha ngā wā e hiahiatia ana e ngā waehere whatunga:
– Whakahaere mana hohe: te whakawhāiti i te tere pikinga kia kore ai e tere rawa ngā panonitanga mana.
– Mana whakahaere mana/ngaohiko tauhohe: āwhina ki te pupuri i te ngaohiko i te pūwāhi hononga (PCC).
– Te Ara Hē (FRT): ka hono tonu i te wā e raru ana te hiko rangitahi, tae atu ki te kaha ki te wero i te iahiko tauhohe hei tautoko i te whakaora hiko.
Me mahi tahi te whakahaere o te tāpine, te kaitahuri hiko, me te tiaki hiko mō tēnei, kia pumau ai te mahi, kia kore ai e kino ngā wāhanga.
Te tūranga o te SCADA, te raraunga, me te mātauranga horihori
Mā te SCADA ka taea te aroturuki i te mahi, ngā whakaoho, me te tātari i ngā au. Mā ngā raraunga o mua, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te:
– Te aroturuki i te āhua: ka kitea te pikinga o te wiri o te pouaka miihini, te pāmahana o te peera, ngā āhuatanga rerekē rānei o te whakaputa hiko.
– Te tiaki matapae: te matapae i ngā rahunga i mua i te puta mai kia whakaitihia ai te wā kore mahi.
– Te arotautanga o te mahi: ka whakataurite i te pihi mana tuturu me te pihi tohutoro hei kite i te hekenga o te aerodynamics (hei tauira, te paru i runga i ngā mata) ngā hapa rānei o te pūoko.
Kei te tīmata te whakamahi i te mātauranga horihori me te ako mīhini mō te aromatawai whai hua o te hau, te kimi i ngā āhuatanga rerekē, te arotau i te yaw e ahu mai ana i te mara hau, me te whakarite i ngā whakaritenga tiaki. Ahakoa he pai te hua, me tūpato te whakamahinga, nā te mea me noho haumaru, me mārama hoki ngā tauira e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga i roto i ngā pūnaha nui.
Ngā wero me ngā ahunga whanaketanga
Ko ētahi o ngā wero matua o ngā pūnaha whakahaere hau ko te nui o te aueue i ngā wāhi uaua (maunga, takutai moana rānei), ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā hau i roto i te pāmu hau (pānga ara), me te hiahia ki te whakaiti i te utu o te pūngao (LCOE). I te heke mai, ka aro nui te whakahaere ki:
– Whakahaere pāmu hau: ka whakarerekē i te yaw/pitch i waenga i ngā tāpine hei whakapai ake i te hua katoa o te pāmu, kaua ko ia tāpine anake.
– Mana whakahaere matatau: pērā i te Mana Matapae Tauira (MPC) hei whakahaere i ngā rohenga o te kaiwhakaoho me te matapae i ngā huringa o te hau.
– Mana whakahaere ā-Lidar: ka whakamahia ngā pūoko lidar hei "kite" i te hau i mua i te rotor, e whakarato ana i te wā e tatari ana mō te piki me te taipana hei whakaiti i ngā kawenga tihi.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui ngā pūnaha whakahaere hau mō te arotau i te mahi nā te mea ka whakahaere i te urupare a te hau ki ngā hau e huri haere ana. Mā te whakakotahitanga o te whakahaere taipana mō te MPPT, te whakahaere pitch mō te whakawhāiti mana me te haumaru, te whakahaere yaw mō te aronga rotor, me ngā rautaki whakaiti kawenga, ka taea e ngā hau te whakaputa i te kaha ake me te iti ake o te mōrearea o te kino. I te taha o te tautoko whatunga me te whakamahinga o ngā raraunga SCADA, ehara i te mea ka whakanui ake i te whakaputanga anake ngā mana whakahaere hou engari ka roa ake te ora o ngā wāhanga me te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere. Mā te whanaketanga o ngā pūoko, ngā rauropi whakahaere matatau, me te arotau taumata-pāmu, ka nui ake te pono o ngā hau hei pou tuara o te whakawhiti pūngao ma.
