Te Mahi a te Whakawhitiwhiti i te Hononga o ngā Tāpine Hau ki te Whatunga Hiko
Kua riro te pūngao hau hei tētahi o ngā puna pūngao whakahou tere rawa atu i roto i te maha o ngā whenua. Ka hurihia e ngā tāwhana hau te pūngao nekeneke o ngā hau e pupuhi ana hei pūngao hiko mā roto i ngā whakaputa hiko. Heoi, kāore e taea te tuku tika i te hiko e whakaputaina ana e ngā tāwhana hau ki roto i te whatunga hiko. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi nui ai ngā whakawhiti hiko. Ehara i te mea ko ngā "pūrere whakanui hiko" anake ngā whakawhiti hiko, engari he wāhanga matua e whakarite ana kia taea te tuku hiko mai i ngā tāwhana hau me te whai hua, me te haumaru, me te tutuki i ngā paerewa kounga hiko e hiahiatia ana e ngā kaiwhakahaere whatunga hiko.
1. He aha i hiahiatia ai ngā mīhini whakawhiti hiko mō ngā tāpine hau?
Ko ngā miihini whakaputa hiko hau he iti noa iho ngā ngaohiko waenga e hangaia ana e ngā miihini whakaputa hiko, he iti noa iho i ngā whakaritenga o ngā pūnaha tuku me te tohatoha. Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā miihini whakaputa hiko te whakaputa ngaohiko mai i ngā rau ngaohiko ki ngā kilovolt, ko ngā whatunga tohatoha ngaohiko waenga ia e mahi ana i te 20 kV, 33 kV rānei, ā, ka taea e ngā whatunga tuku te eke ki te 150 kV, 275 kV, neke atu rānei. Nā tēnei rerekētanga o ngā taumata ngaohiko, me taurite ngā taputapu ki ngā taumata ngaohiko o te whatunga e hono ana rātou.
Haunga te rerekētanga o te ngaohiko, he maha atu anō ngā take he mea nui ngā whakawhiti hiko:
– Te whai huatanga o te tuku hiko: mā te ngaohiko teitei ake ka iti ake te iahiko mō te mana ōrite, nō reira ka whakaitihia ngā mate I²R i roto i te taura.
– Te tutuki i ngā paerewa whatunga: he tino kaha ngā whakaritenga a te whatunga mō te ngaohiko, te whakamarumaru me te tiaki.
– Haumaru me te wehewehe: ka taea e ngā whakawhiti hiko te whakarato i te wehewehenga galvanic i waenga i te taha tāpine me te taha whatunga, hei āwhina i te tiaki i ngā taputapu me ngā kaimahi.
– Te whakaurunga o te pūnaha pāmu hau: i runga i te tauine pāmu hau, me whakakotahi me te whakarite i ētahi tāpine i mua i te tohatoha ki te whatunga hiko.
2. Ko te mahi matua o te whakawhiti hiko: te whakanui i te ngaohiko (te pikinga)
Ko te mahi tino mōhiotia o te whakawhiti hiko i roto i te pūnaha tāpoi hau ko te whakanui ake i te ngaohiko mai i te whakaputa hiko ki te ngaohiko e tika ana mō te pūnaha kohikohi, ki te teihana hiko rānei. Ka kiia tēnei tukanga ko te whakawhiti hiko-whakarunga.
He aha me whakanui ake ai? Nā te mea ina whakanuia te ngaohiko, ka heke te iahiko e rere ana i roto i te taura mō tētahi mana kua whakaritea. Ko te pānga:
– Ka iti ake te ngaronga parahi i roto i ngā taura me ngā taputapu.
– Ka taea te whakaiti i te utu mō te rahi o te ara iahiko.
– Ka nui ake te tawhiti e tukuna ana te hiko mai i te tāpine ki te teihana hiko iti, me te kore e nui rawa te ngaronga hiko.
I roto i ngā pāmu hau, he rerekētanga motuhake tō ia tāpine (he rerekētanga e mau ana i te papa) e whakapiki ana i te ngaohiko mai i te whakaputa hiko (hei tauira, 690 V) ki te whatunga kaikohi (hei tauira, 20 kV, 33 kV rānei). Kātahi, i te teihana hiko o te pāmu hau, ka whakapiki anō tētahi atu rerekētanga ki te ngaohiko tuku.
3. E whakarato ana i te Wehenga me te Tiakitanga Hiko
He ārai, he wehewehe hoki ngā whakawhiti hiko i waenganui i ngā wāhanga e rua o te pūnaha hiko. He mea nui tēnei wehewehenga mō:
– Ka whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā raruraru i te taha o te tāpine e horapa tika atu ana ki te taha whatunga.
– Te āwhina i te whakaritenga tiaki, hei tauira mā te whiriwhiri i tētahi kaupapa whenua e tika ana.
– Ka tiaki i ngā taputapu hikohiko mana e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā tāpine hau o ēnei rā.
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā tāwhana hau o ēnei rā ngā kaitahuri hei whakahaere i te auau me te ngaohiko putanga o te whakaputa hiko, inā koa i roto i ngā tāwhana tere-rerekē. He tairongo ēnei pūnaha ki ngā ngaru ngaohiko, ngā harmonics, me ngā raruraru whakawhiti. Mā te tāwhana hiko kua hoahoatia pai, me ngā taputapu tiaki pēnei i ngā arresters, relays, me ngā circuit breakers, ka āwhina i te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te kino.
4. Whakaitihia te Pānga o ngā Whakararuraru me te Whakanuia te Pono
Ka pāngia pea te whatunga hiko e ngā raruraru pēnei i te ara iahiko poto, te ngaohiko nui rawa, me te hekenga ngaohiko. Ka taea hoki e ngā tāhū hau te hanga raruraru motuhake, pēnei i te piki me te heke o te mana nā ngā huringa o te tere o te hau me te whakapōturitanga o te harmonic mai i te pūtahuri.
Ka whai wāhi ngā whakawhiti ki te pono o te pūnaha mā te:
– Ka whakarato i te aukati hei āwhina i te whakawhāiti i te iahiko porowhita poto.
– Tautoko ana i te whakaritenga o ngā pūnaha tiaki kia taea ai te whakakore i ngā raruraru i runga i te huarahi whiriwhiri.
– Whai wāhi atu ki tētahi hoahoa e āhei ai te tāpine ki te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te waehere whatunga, pērā i te kaha ki te tu atu i ngā hekenga ngaohiko mō te wā poto (te ekenga hapa) i roto i ētahi paerewa pūnaha hiko.
I roto i te mahi, me tu atu hoki ngā whakawhiti hiko ki ngā āhuatanga whakahaere e rerekē ana. Kāore te mana whakaputa o te tāhū hiko e pumau; nō reira, ka rerekē pea te kawenga i runga i te whakawhiti hiko. Me whai whakaaro te hoahoa wera me te whakatauranga o te whakawhiti hiko ki tēnei kōtaha kawenga hihiri.
5. Te Whakatikatika i te Pūnaha Whirihoranga me te Whakatakotoranga Whenua
Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga nui o te whakawhiti hiko ko te whirihoranga takai pēnei i te Delta (Δ) me te Wye/Star (Y). Ka pā tēnei whirihoranga ki:
– Te āhua o te whenua o te pūnaha (te whenua).
– Te whanonga ki ngā hauropi takitoru (hei tauira, ngā hauropi tuatoru).
– Ara iahiko hapa whenua.
Hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i tētahi whirihoranga delta i tētahi taha ka āwhina i te "hopu" i ētahi harmonics kia kore ai e rere ki roto i te whatunga. I taua wā, mā te whirihoranga whetu me te kore e taurite te whenua ka taea te whakarato i tētahi tohutoro ngaohiko pumau me te āwhina i te kimi hapa whenua. Kāore te kōwhiringa whirihoranga i te ōrite; e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hoahoa tāpine, ngā paerewa whatunga ā-rohe, me te rautaki tiaki kua whakatinanahia.
6. Āwhina ki te Whakahaere i te Kounga Mana
He take nui te kounga o te hiko i roto i te whakaurunga o te pūngao hou. Me whai herenga motuhake ngā kaiwhakahaere whatunga hiko mō:
– Ngā piki me ngā heke o te ngaohiko (ngā piki me ngā heke),
– Te whakapōturitanga o te hāmoni,
– Te kore taurite o te āhua,
– Te tauwehenga mana.
Ehara ngā whakawhiti hiko i te tātari hauota tuatahi, engari he pānga ki te taunekeneke i waenga i te tāpine, te kaitahuri, me te whatunga hiko. Ka pā te aukati o te whakawhiti hiko, te kōwhiringa rauemi matua, me te whirihoranga takai ki te taumata o ngā hauota e tukuna ana. I roto i ngā tono o te ao tūturu, he maha ngā wā ka mahi tahi ngā whakawhiti hiko me ētahi atu taputapu—pērā i ngā tātari hauota, ngā pēke pūnga, ngā STATCOM, ngā pūnaha utu tauhohe rānei—kia whakarite kia tutuki ngā whakaritenga waehere whatunga i te putanga o te pāmu hau.
7. Ngā momo whakawhiti i roto i ngā pūnaha hau tāwhana
I te hononga o ngā tāpine hau ki te whatunga hiko, he maha ngā momo whakawhiti hiko e whakamahia whānuitia ana:
1. Huringa whakawhiti i runga i te nacelle: kei runga i te pourewa, e tata ana ki te whakaputa hiko. Ko te painga he poto ake ngā taura ngaohiko iti, engari he uaua ake te uru atu ki te tiaki.
2. Pūwhakawhiti hiko kei te turanga o te pourewa (turanga pourewa): he māmā ake te uru atu mō te tiaki, engari me tuku hiko ngaohiko iti mai i te nacelle ki raro o te pourewa.
3. Huringa hiko e mau ana ki te papa: he hurihanga hiko i roto i te kāpata i te taumata whenua, e whakamahia ana hei whakanui ake i te ngaohiko ki te whatunga kaikohi.
4. Te whakawhiti hiko matua: ka whakanui ake i te ngaohiko mai i te whatunga kaikohi (20–33 kV) ki te ngaohiko tuku teitei ake.
Ko te kōwhiringa o te tauwāhi me te momo o te whakawhiti hiko e pā ana ki te hoahoa mīhini, ngā utu tāutanga, te haumaru mahi, ngā taumata haruru, me ngā rautaki whakahaere.
8. Ngā Wero Whakahaere: Te Wera, te Wiri, me te Taiao
He uaua ngā āhuatanga taiao o ngā whakawhiti hiko i roto i ngā pūnaha tāpine hau. Hei tauira, i ngā rohe takutai, he tūponotanga kei te waikura nā te hau tote. I ngā wāhi makariri, ka raru pea te whakamarumaru me te matotoru hinu (mō ngā whakawhiti hiko kua whakamataohia e te hinu). Mena kei roto te whakawhiti hiko i tētahi nacelle, ka pāngia hoki tōna pono ā-pūkaha e te wiri me te nekehanga hihiri o te tāpine.
Nō reira, ko ngā whakaritenga mō ngā whakawhiti hau he mea e aro nui ana ki:
– Te ātete ki te makuku,
– He pūnaha whakamatao e tika ana,
– Te ārai i te uira me te ngaru,
– Te aroturuki i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te pāmahana, te hau rewa (DGA), me te tukunga wāhanga i roto i ētahi tono.
Whakamutunga
He wāhanga matua ngā whakawhiti hiko e āhei ai te whakaurunga haumaru me te whai hua o te hiko tāwhana hau ki roto i te whatunga hiko. Kāore i te whakanui noa i te ngaohiko tā rātou mahi, tae atu ki te wehe hiko, te tiaki, te whakapai ake i te kounga hiko, te whakapūmau i te whenua, me te whakarei ake i te pono o te pūnaha whānui. I roto i te horopaki o te tipu o te pūngao hau, he mea nui te whiriwhiri me te hoahoa tika o ngā whakawhiti hiko mō te angitu o ngā mahi pāmu hau, i te taha hangarau me te taha ōhanga. Mā te whakawhiti hiko e tika ana, ka taea e te hiko e whakaputaina ana e te hau te rere haere tonu ki roto i te whatunga hiko, hei tautoko i te tuku pūngao ma, pumau ake.
