Te Hanganga me te Mahi o ngā Pūtahi Pūkaha Hau
I roto i ngā pūnaha hau hou, ka arohia te marea ki te pourewa teitei, ki ngā mata roa, ki te pūkaha hiko rānei. Heoi, kotahi te wāhanga he mea nui tana mahi engari he maha ngā wā ka warewarehia: ko te pokapū hau. Ko te pokapū te "piriti" matua i waenga i ngā mata o te hau me te pūnaha taraiwa i roto i te nacelle. Ka whiwhi i ngā kawenga hau nui mai i ngā mata, ka tuku atu ki te pou, ā, ka mahi hei pūwāhi whakauru mō ngā pūnaha maha pēnei i te whakahaere pitch, ngā pūoko, me ngā taputapu haumaru. Ka matapakihia whānuitia e tēnei tuhinga te hanganga, te mahi, ngā rauemi, me ngā wero hoahoa o te pokapū.
1. Te Mārama ki ngā Pūnaha Pūwero Hau
Ko te pū he wāhanga hanganga kei waenganui o te rotor o te tāhū hau, te wāhi e piri ai ngā mata, e hurihuri ai. I roto i ngā kupu māmā, ka taea te whakaaro ko te pū te "upoko" o te rotor. I roto i ngā tāhū hau tuaka-whakapae (HAWT) e whakamahia whānuitia ana, kei mua i te nacelle te pū, ā, e hono tika ana ki te pou matua. Ina puta te hiki i ngā mata e te hau, ka tukuna taua kaha mā te pūtake mata ki te pū, kātahi ki te pou me te pūnaha tuku/whakaputa hiko.
He maha ngā momo whirihoranga rotor—hei tauira, he mata-rua, he mata-toru rānei—engari ko te nuinga o ngā tāpine arumoni e whakamahi ana i ngā mata e toru nā te mea kua pai ake te taurite hihiri, te pai o te mahi, me ngā taumata haruru. Ka pā tēnei whirihoranga ki te āhua me te hoahoa o te pokapū.
2. Te Mahi Matua o te Pūtahi Pūkaha Hau
Ehara i te mea he whakairinga mata anake te mahi a te pū. E rima pea ngā mahi matua:
1. Te hono i te mata ki te pūnaha hurihuri
Mā te pokapū ka taea te hono ā-mīhini kaha i waenga i ngā mata me te pou matua. Me āhei tēnei hononga ki te tu atu i te taipana teitei me ngā kawenga maha puta noa i te roanga o te ora o te tāpine (20–25 tau).
2. Te tuku i ngā kawenga aerodynamic me ngā kawenga ume
Ka pāngia ngā mata e te pana, ngā kaha tāwhā (e whakaputa ana i te taipana), me ngā kawenga ā-papa i a rātou e hurihuri ana. Ka whakawhitihia ēnei kawenga katoa e te pokapū ki te pūnaha taraiwa me te hanganga nacelle.
3. Kāinga mō te pūnaha papa
I roto i ngā tāpine hou, ko te koki whakaeke o te mata e whakahaerehia ana e te pūnaha pitch. He maha ngā hoahoa e whakanoho ana i te peera pitch nui, te motuka pitch/actuator, te pouaka pouaka pitch, me ngā mana whakahaere ki te rohe pokapū.
4. Kia mau tonu te pumau o te rotor
Me whakarite te pokapū kia pumau te hurihanga, kia ārai i te kore taurite, kia whakaiti i te wiri, kia tautoko hoki i te whanonga hihiri o te rotor i raro i ngā āhuatanga hau rerekē (hau nui, aueue).
5. Tautoko i ngā āhuatanga haumaru me te aroturuki
He maha ngā wā ka whakauruhia ngā pokapū ki ngā pūoko (hei tauira, te pāmahana o te peera, te tūnga o te nekehanga, te wiri), me ngā pūnaha tiaki pēnei i te huruhuru ohorere (te huri i ngā mata ki tētahi tūranga haumaru) mēnā ka puta he raruraru.
3. Te Hanganga o te Pū: Ngā Wāhanga me ngā Wāhanga Hira
I roto i te hanganga, he wāhanga hanganga nui te pokapū me te āhua matatini. Anei ētahi wāhanga noa:
a) Tinana o te pokapū
Ko te wāhanga matua he hanganga whakarewa, he hanganga hanga rānei, he maha ngā "ringa" hei pūmau mata. E toru ngā atanga mata o te hurihanga mata-toru, e 120 nekehanga te tawhiti. Ka taea te porowhita, te tapatoru rānei te āhua, i runga i te hoahoa a te kaihanga.
b) Atanga mata
Koinei te wāhi e honoa ai te pūtake o te mata mā te whakamahi i ngā pūtu kaha-teitei i roto i te tauira porowhita. Me tika tēnei atanga kia ōrite te tohatoha o te kawenga, kia kore ai hoki e kukū te ahotea.
c) Te papa whāriki
He wāhanga nui, āhua porowhita (he whīra slewing) e āhei ai ngā mata ki te huri i runga i tō rātou tuaka hei whakahaere i te pitch. Ka mahi tēnei whīra i raro i ngā kawenga whakakotahi (tuaka, radial, me te moment), nō reira he mea nui te kounga hinu me te tiaki i te waikura.
d) Pūnaha whakatō (kaiwhakaoho me te mana whakahaere)
Ko te tikanga he motuka hiko me te pouaka miihini (electric pitch) he pūnaha waipēhi rānei (hydraulic pitch). He maha ngā wā ka whakauruhia he pākahiko/supercapacitor ki ngā pitch hiko hei whakanoho marie i te mata i te wā e motu ana te hiko.
e) Taupoki pū (kone ihu/hurihuri)
He wāhanga ā-hauora e kapi ana i te taha mua o te pū hei whakaiti i te tōia me te tiaki i ngā wāhanga o roto mai i te ua, te puehu, te huka rānei. Ahakoa ehara i te hanganga matua, ka pā tēnei taupoki ki te mahi ā-hauora me te tiakitanga.
f) Te urunga me te haumaru (te ara urunga, te papaaho o roto)
I runga i ngā tāpine nui, ka taea e ngā tohunga hangarau te uru atu ki roto o te pokapū hei tiaki i te pūnaha pitch. Nā te mea he kuiti, he hurihuri hoki tēnei wāhi, me mātua whai i ngā tikanga haumaru tino pakari.
4. Ngā Rauemi me ngā Tukanga Hanga
Ko te nuinga o ngā pokapū tāpine hau e hangaia ana mā te whakamahi i ngā whakarewa i hangaia mai i te rino whakarewa ngāwari, pērā i te EN-GJS, i tētahi atu mea rite rānei. Ko ngā take mō te whiriwhiri i te rino ngāwari ko:
– He kaha me te pakari pai mō ngā kawenga hihiri
– Te kaha whakarewa mō ngā āhua uaua me ngā āhua matotoru
– He pai te whakaiti i te wiri ki te whakataurite ki te maitai
– Ngā utu hanga whakataetae mō ngā rahi nui
Heoi, ko ētahi hoahoa e whakamahi ana i ngā pū parahi whakarewa, i ngā pū parahi whakarewa rānei, ina koa mēnā e hiahiatia ana he āhuatanga miihini motuhake, he rautaki whakaputa rerekē rānei. I muri i te whakarewatanga, ko te tikanga ka pāngia te pū:
– Te maimoatanga wera hei whakatutuki i ngā āhuatanga miihini e hiahiatia ana
– Te mahi mīhini i ngā mata tino nui (te flange, te nohoanga peera, ngā kōhao pūtu)
– Ngā whakamātautau kore-whakangaro (NDT) pērā i te whakamātautau ultrasonic, te whakamātautau matūriki aukume, te whakaahua X-ray rānei hei kimi i ngā hapa o roto
– Te paninga/te peita hei ārai i te waikura, inā koa mō ngā tāpine moana
5. Ngā Wero Mahi me te Hoahoa
Ka mahi ngā pokapū i raro i ngā āhuatanga tino uaua. Me whai whakaaro ngā kaihoahoa ki:
1. Ngenge (ngenge rauemi)
E miriona ngā huringa kawenga ka pā ki ngā tāpine i te wā e whakahaerehia ana. He mea nui te ngenge ki te whakatau i te matotoru o te pakitara, te whānui o te miro, me ngā taipitopito hononga.
2. Te kukū o te ahotea i te rohe hononga o te mata
Ka taea e ngā kōhao pūtu, ngā kokonga koi, me ngā panoni matotoru te pūtake o ngā pakaru. Nō reira, me whai hoahoa āhuahanga pai me te whakahaere kounga teitei o te hanga.
3. Te waikura me te taiao
I tai moana, ka tere ake te waikura nā ngā pānga o te kohu tote. Me āta hoahoa ngā pūnaha paninga me te hiri, tae atu ki te tiaki i ngā hononga pūtu me ngā papa whāriki.
4. Taumaha vs pono
Ka nui ake te kawenga o te pourewa me te pūnaha yaw mēnā he taumaha rawa te pokapū. I tetahi atu taha, ka nui ake te mōrearea o te whakarerekētanga me te ngenge mēnā he māmā rawa te pokapū. Ka mahia te arotautanga mā te whakamahi i te whakatauira huānga mutunga kore (FEA) me te whakamātautau.
5. Whakaurunga ki te pūnaha papa
Me whakanoho ngā peera piko, ngā motuka, ngā taura, me ngā mana whakahaere kia ngāwari te tiaki, kia tiakina, ā, kia kore ai e whakararuraru i te taurite o te rotor.
6. Pū i roto i te Pūnaha Mahi a te Tīpene: Rere me te Whakahaere Pūngao
Ina pupuhi te hau, ka whakaputahia e ngā mata te taipana ki runga i te rotor. Ka whiwhi te pokapū i tēnei taipana ka hurihia me te pou matua. I roto i ngā tāpine me te pouaka miihini, ka peia e te pou matua te pouaka miihini hei whakanui ake i te tere hurihuri o te whakaputa hiko. I roto i ngā tāpine taraiwa-tika, ka honoa te pokapū ki tētahi whakaputa hiko whānui-rahi kāore he pouaka miihini.
Mō te whakahaere, he mahi tā te pokapū mā roto i te pūnaha pitch. Ina nui ake te tere o te hau i te tere kua tohua, ka hurihia e te mana pitch ngā mata hei whakaiti i te hiki, kia mau ai te putanga mana, kia ārai ai hoki i te taumaha rawa o ngā wāhanga. Ina kaha rawa te hau, ina pāngia rānei te tāpine e te hapa, ka "hurihuri" ngā mata (ka koki hei whakaiti i te kaha) kia mutu haumaru ai te rotor.
7. Ngā Tiaki Noa me ngā Rahunga
Nā te mea kei runga i te rotor o mua, me tirotirohia te pū me ōna wāhanga i ia wā. Ko ētahi o ngā raruraru noa ko:
– Te pakaru o te peera pitch nā te korenga o te hinu whakahinuhinu, te poke rānei
– Te wetewete i ngā pūtu o te mata o te mata, ka puta pea nā te wiri, nā te kore rānei o te whakakī tika i ngā tikanga.
– Ngā pakaru o te ngenge i ngā wāhi e kukū ana te ahotea (he onge engari he mea nui)
– Te hiri i ngā kino e uru ai te wai, e tere ai te waikura
– Ngā hapa o te mōtini pitch, te pouaka pouaka pitch, te pūnaha tārua rānei (pūhiko)
Ko ngā tirotiro i te nuinga o te wā ko te tirotiro i te taipana pūtu, te tātari wiri, te tirotiro hinu, me te NDT i ngā wāhi motuhake e ai ki te taunakitanga a te kaihanga.
8. Whakamutunga
He wāhanga hanganga te pū tāwhana hau e whai wāhi nui ana ki te pūnaha whakawhiti hiko-hau katoa. Ehara i te mea ko te pūwāhi whakairinga anake mō ngā mata, engari ko te pūwāhi kawe kawenga matua hoki, e pupuri ana i te pūnaha piko, me te wāhanga nui hoki i roto i te haumaru me te whakahaere tāwhana. Ko tōna hanganga e hiahia ana ki ngā rauemi pakari, ngā tukanga hanga tika, me te hoahoa e kaha ana ki te tu atu i ngā kawenga huringa roa. Mā te mārama ki te hanganga me te mahi a te pū tāwhana hau ka āwhina i a tātou ki te kite ehara i te mea ko ngā mata me te whakaputa hiko anake te mea angitu, engari ko te whakaurunga miihini kaha me te pono i waenganui o te rotor: te pū.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri i tētahi tuhi kauwhata māmā, he rārangi taipitopito ake o ngā wāhanga o ngā pū, he matapakinga whakatairite rānei i ngā pū mō ngā tāpine o uta, me ngā tāpine o tai.
