Te Tukanga me te Hangarau o te Keri Waro i raro i te Whenua
Ko te keri waro i raro i te whenua he tikanga tango waro e uru ana ki te keri me te tango waro mai i ngā rua i raro i te mata o te whenua. Ko te tikanga o tēnei tikanga he mea whiriwhiri ina tino hohonu te rua waro, he matotoru rānei, ina rānei he mea koretake, he mōrearea rānei te keri tuwhera i roto i ngā āhuatanga whenua. I te pikinga ake o ngā tono mō te haumaru, te hua, me te whai hua o te pūngao, kua tere te whanaketanga o ngā tukanga keri i raro i te whenua mā te whakamahi i te mīhini, te aunoatanga, me ngā pūnaha aroturuki matihiko e hangai ana ki te pūoko.
Tirohanga Whānui mō te Keri i raro i te Whenua
He rerekē te keri whenua tuwhera, arā, ko te tango nui i ngā mea e takoto kau ana i runga i te whenua, ka whakawhirinaki te keri whenua ki tētahi whatunga o ngā rori me ngā wāhi tuwhera o te maina hei toro atu me te whakamahi i ngā papa waro. Ko te arotahi matua o ngā mahi whenua ko te whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga hangarau whenua (te pumau o te toka), te hauhautanga, te hau methane, te puehu waro, me ngā pūnaha kawe rauemi me ngā kaimahi. Nā te iti o te wāhi mahi me te taiao morearea, me whakamahere taipitopito me ngā paerewa haumaru pakari te keri whenua.
Wāhanga Whakamahere me te Tūhuratanga
Ka tīmata ngā mahi keri whenua katoa ki ngā rangahau tūhura me te whakaahua i ngā āhuatanga whenua. Ko te tikanga, ko te keri i te pūtake matua, te mahere i ngā hanganga whenua (ngā hapa, ngā kopa), te whakamātautau kounga waro (te makuku, te pungarehu, te whanariki, me te ihirangi karori), me te tātari ā-whenua hei mārama ki te kaha o te tuanui me ngā toka hononga. Kātahi ka whakamahia ngā raraunga tūhura hei waihanga i tētahi tauira whenua toru-ahu me te hoahoa maina e whai whakaaro ana ki te matotoru o te hononga, te pari o te hononga, te hohonu, me ngā tūponotanga kino pēnei i te hau methane me te wai whenua.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka whakahaerehia he rangahau whaihua, tae atu ki ngā tataunga rahui, ngā mahere whakaputa, ngā whakatau tata utu, me te hoahoa pūnaha haumaru. He mea nui tēnei wāhanga mō te whiriwhiri i tētahi tikanga keri , ahakoa he pūnaha rūma me te pou, he pakitara roa, he momo rerekē rānei e tika ana mō ngā āhuatanga tuitui.
Te Hanganga o te Urunga ki te Maina: Te Punga me te Āputaputa
Hei tae atu ki te hononga waro, ka hangaia he ara urunga matua, arā, ko:
1. Pūnga (pūnga poutū): e whakamahia ana i ngā hohonutanga nui. He pūnaha hiki te nuinga o ngā pūnga hei kawe i ngā kaimahi, ngā taputapu, me te waro.
2. Te auheke (te kauhanga whakapae): i hangaia mai i te taha o te puke, o te mata rānei, me te teitei e tika ana. He maha ngā wā ka whiriwhiria te auheke mēnā he pāpaku te hononga, he pai rānei te whenua.
3. Hekenga/pikinga (hekenga): he kauhanga piki e taea ai e ngā waka wira te tomo ki te maina.
I te wā whakawhanake, ka hangaia he whatunga o ngā kauhanga matua me ngā kauhanga panera. Koinei te wāhi e mahia ai te keri toka, te tāutanga tautoko, me te tāutanga ratonga (hiko, paipa wai, pūwero hiko, whakawhitiwhiti kōrero). Ko ngā tikanga keri ka uru atu ki te keri me te pupuhi, i raro rānei i ētahi āhuatanga, ngā mīhini tapahi toka pēnei i ngā mīhini whakatere huarahi.
Ngā Tikanga Keri Waro o raro whenua
1. Rūma me te Pou
Mā te tikanga rūma me te pou ka keri waro mā te hanga i tētahi "rūma" ka waiho he "pou" waro hei tautoko i te tuanui o te maina. Ka taea te hoahoa tūturu i te pou, te tango rānei i te wā e keri ana, ahakoa ka piki ake te tūponotanga o te ahi. mōrearea o te hinga e hiahia ana ki te whakahaere hangarau whenua pūmau ake.
Ko ngā painga o tēnei tikanga ko te ngāwari ki ngā āhuatanga whenua rerekē , me te iti ake o te haumitanga tuatahi ki te whakataurite ki te pakitara roa. Heoi, he iti ake ngā tere whakaora waro nā te mea ka mahue ētahi waro hei pou.
2. Te Keritanga o Longwall
Ko te tikanga pakitara roa tētahi o ngā hangarau tino whai hua mō te waro o raro whenua. Ko tēnei pūnaha keri waro i ngā panera roa mā te whakamahi i te kaikuti, i te parau rānei. Ka tāutahia ngā tautoko tuanui hiko ki muri i te wāhi mahi, ka neke whakamua i te haere tonu o te keri. Ka whakaaetia te wāhi i muri i ngā tautoko kia hinga (goaf), kia iti ake ai te hiahia mō ngā pou.
He nui te whakaoranga me te whakaputanga o Longwall, engari me nui te haumi ki ngā taputapu me te whakamahere ātaahua i ngā papaaho, tae atu ki te hoahoa hauhautanga, te whakahaere hau, me te whakahaere i te hurihanga o ngā toka.
Ngā Hangarau Matua i roto i ngā Mahi o raro whenua
Pūnaha Tapahi me te Tango Waro
I roto i te pakitara roa, ko te taputapu matua he kutikuti, e neke whakamua ana i te mata (papa mahi), e tapahi ana i te waro. Kātahi ka taka te waro ki runga i te kaikawe i mua i te mata. I roto i te rūma me te pou, ko te taputapu tino noa ko te kaimaina tonu, he mīhini e tapahi tonu ana i te waro ka utaina ki roto i te pūnaha kawe.
Pūnaha Pūnaha Maina
Ko te haumaru o ngā hanganga keri e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te tautoko. Ko ngā hangarau e whakamahia ana ko:
– Ngā pūtu toka me ngā pūtu kapia hei whakakaha i ngā toka tuanui.
– He kōhao rino, he rino rānei kua whakatakotoria ki roto i ngā āhuatanga toka ngoikore.
– Tautoko tuanui hiko i runga i te pakitara roa hei tautoko kaha i te tuanui.
He maha ngā wā ka āwhinahia te aroturuki i te rerekētanga o te toka e ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā ine whānui, ngā mita huihuinga, me ngā pūoko pēhanga i runga i ngā tautoko.
Te Whakahauora, te Hau Methane, me te Whakahaere Puehu
Ko te hauhautanga te toto ora o ngā maina o raro whenua. Ka whakamahia e te pūnaha hauhautanga he pā hau matua, he tatau hauhautanga, he kaiwhakahaere, me ngā paipa hei tuku i te hau hou ki te wāhi mahi, hei tango hoki i te hau tawhito, te wera, me ngā hau.
He tino mōrearea te hau methane (CH₄) nā tōna kaha ki te pahū. Ko ngā hangarau e whakamahia ana ko:
– Ngā pūoko hau me ngā pūnaha whakaoho aunoa.
– Te rerenga wai o te methane (i mua i te rerenga wai me muri i te rerenga wai) mā te whakamahi i ngā poka wai.
– Ngā tikanga mō te whakahaere i ngā pūtake ahi me ngā taputapu hiko ātete-pahū.
He tūponotanga hauora anō hoki te puehu waro (pneumoconiosis) ā, ka piki ake te tūponotanga o ngā pahūtanga puehu. Ko ngā mahi whakahaere ko te rehu wai, te kohikohi puehu, te puehu kōhatu, me te aroturuki i te kukū o te puehu.
Pūnaha Waro me te Kawe Rauemi
I roto i ngā maina o raro whenua, ka whakamahia te tikanga mō te kawe waro:
– Kawe whitiki: he pai mō ngā tawhiti roa me ngā kaha nui.
– Waka kawe waka, waka tō pākahiko rānei: i roto i te rūma me te pou hei neke i te waro mai i te kaimaina tonu ki te whāngai, ki te whitiki rānei.
– Ngā waka tereina kotahi, ngā waka whaipainga rānei mō te kawe rauemi, taputapu me ngā kaimahi.
Mā te whakaurunga o ngā pūnaha kawe waka me te mana aunoa ka āwhina i te whakapai ake i te pumau o te whakaputanga me te whakaiti i ngā arai.
Aunoatanga, Te Whakamamatitanga, me ngā Hangarau o nāianei
Ko ngā whanaketanga hou o te umanga keri kei te akiaki i te whakaurunga o te hangarau keri atamai. Ko ētahi tauira o ōna whakamahinga ko:
– Mahi mamao: ka taea e te kaiwhakahaere te whakahaere i te kaikuti, te kaikeri tonu rānei mai i tētahi rūma whakahaere haumaru ake.
– Pūnaha aroturuki wā-tūturu: Ka aroturukihia e ngā pūoko IoT te hau, te pāmahana, te haumākū, te wiri, te āhua o te whitiki, me te tūnga o ngā taputapu.
– Pūmanawa whakamahere maina me te mahanga mamati: ka whakamahia ngā tauira mamati o te maina mō te whakatauira hauhautanga, te matapae pumau, me te arotau i te kaupapa whakaputa.
– Ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero a raro whenua: ngā whatunga Wi-Fi ahumahi, te LTE tūmataiti, ngā pūnaha whāngai turuturu rānei hei whakarite i te hononga raraunga me te haumaru.
Mā te aunoatanga, ka taea te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te tūponotanga o ngā kaimahi ki ngā wāhi morearea, ā, ka piki ake te hua me te auau o ngā mahi.
Ngā Wero me ngā Āhuatanga o te Haumaru Mahi
He nui ngā wero o te keri whenua, pērā i te hinganga o ngā tuanui, ngā ahi, ngā waipuke, ngā pahūtanga hau, me te iti o te whakawātea i te tangata. Nō reira, ko te haumaru mahi kei roto i ēnei:
– Te whakangungu kaimahi me te tiwhikete.
– Te pūnaha urupare ohorere me ngā ara whakawātea.
– Ngā tirotiro auau o ngā tautoko, te hiko me te hauhautanga.
– Te whakahaere mōrearea e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga me ngā arotake haumaru ā-wā.
He mea nui anō hoki ki ngā mahi keri te whakatutuki i ngā ture keri me ngā paerewa o te ao (hei tauira, e pā ana ki te hauhautanga me ngā taputapu ātete-pahū).
Te Katinga
Ko ngā tukanga me ngā hangarau keri waro o raro whenua he whakakotahitanga matatini o te whakamahere whenua, te hangarau maina, ngā pūnaha tautoko, te hauhautanga, te kawe waka, me te whakahaere tūponotanga. Ko ngā tikanga rūma me te pou me te pakitara roa ngā huarahi matua e rua, he rerekē ngā āhuatanga hangarau me ngā whakaritenga hangarau o ia tikanga. I tēnei wā hou, ko te aunoatanga, ngā pūoko wā-tūturu, me ngā pūnaha whakahaere mamati ka whakarei ake i te haumaru me te whai hua o te mahi. Ahakoa ngā wero nui, mā te whakamahi i te hangarau tika me te kaha o te whakahaere haumaru ka taea te whakapai ake i te keri waro o raro whenua kia whai hua ake, kia haumaru ake, kia whakahaerea hoki e te ngaio.
