Ngā Tikanga Keri Tuwhera me Ōna Pānga
Pendahuluan
He mahi ahumahi nui te keri maina e whai wāhi nui ana ki ngā ōhanga o ngā whenua maha o te ao, tae atu ki Initonīhia. Ahakoa he pānga pai ki te ōhanga o te keri maina, he maha hoki ngā pānga kino, inā koa ki te taiao. I runga i te huarahi e uru atu ai ngā rauemi utu nui ki raro i te whenua, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā mahi keri maina kia rua ngā tikanga matua: te keri whenua me te keri tuwhera. Ka arotahi tēnei tuhinga ki te keri tuwhera me ōna pānga.
Te Whakamāramatanga me ngā Momo o te Keri Tuwhera
Ko te keri mata whenua he tikanga keri e tangohia ai ngā rauemi mai i te mata o Papatūānuku mā te keri, mā te tango rānei i te oneone o runga hei whakaatu me te tango i ngā putunga kohuke whai hua. He rerekē ki te keri whenua, arā, ko te hanga kauhanga me ngā rua hei tae atu ki ngā putunga, he māmā ake, he iti ake hoki te utu o te keri mata whenua ki te whakatinana engari he nui te wāhi e hiahiatia ana.
Anei ētahi o ngā tikanga matua o te keri tuwhera:
1. Te Keri Tuwhera: Ko tēnei tikanga he keri i tētahi kōhao nui i roto i te whenua, he rite ki tētahi puna nui, hei toro atu ki ngā putunga kohuke. Hei tauira, ko te Maina Grasberg i Papua, Indonesia, tētahi o ngā maina tuwhera nui rawa atu o te ao.
2. Te Keritanga Tapawhā: Ka tangohia e tēnei tikanga te paparanga o runga o te oneone, o te toka rānei e hipoki ana i ngā putunga kohuke. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia tēnei tikanga hei keri i te waro me ētahi atu konganuku e horapa ana, kāore hoki i te tino hohonu.
3. Te keri kohatu: E whakamahia ana mō te keri rauemi hangahanga pērā i te māpere, te kōhatu, me te karāneti. Ko te keri kohatu he tapahi me te wāwāhi tonu i te toka.
4. Te Tango i te Tihi Maunga: Ko tēnei tikanga he tango i te tihi maunga kia uru atu ai ki ngā putunga kohuke kei roto. He tikanga tēnei e whakamahia ana i te Hononga o Amerika mō te keri waro.
Ngā Pānga Pai o te Keri Tuwhera
1. Ōhanga: He nui te takoha a te keri tuwhera ki te ōhanga o te whenua. Ka taea e ngā moni whiwhi mai i ngā taake keri, ngā utu mō ngā koha, me ētahi atu takoha te whakapiki ake i te moni whiwhi tahua o te whenua.
2. Te Mahi: Ko te umanga keri maina te kaituku mahi nui i ngā wāhi keri maina. Mā ngā mahi tika, mahi ā-kore rānei e hangaia ana e te keri maina ka taea te whakaiti i te kore mahi me te whakapai ake i te oranga o ngā hapori huri noa.
3. Te Whakawhanaketanga Hanganga: He maha ngā wā ka hua ake i ngā kaupapa keri maina te whanaketanga o ngā hanganga taketake pēnei i ngā rori, ngā piriti, me ētahi atu whakaurunga kawe waka. Ehara i te mea ko te rāngai keri maina anake te painga mō tēnei engari ko te marea whānui anō hoki.
Ngā Pānga Taiao me te Pāpori o te Keri Tuwhera
Heoi anō, he maha ngā pānga kino nui o te keri tuwhera, arā, te taiao me te pāpori.
1. Te Whakangaromanga i te Nohoanga me te Kanorau o te Koiora: Ko tētahi o ngā pānga taiao tino kitea me te kino o te keri whenua tuwhera ko te whakangaromanga o te nohoanga. He maha ngā wā ka patua ngā wāhi ngahere nui, ngā whenua ahuwhenua, me ngā pūnaha wai taiao hei hanga huarahi mō ngā mahi keri whenua. Ko te mutunga mai o tēnei ngaronga o te nohoanga ka heke te taupori o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe o te rohe, ā, ka ngaro haere ngā momo.
2. Te Whakahekenga Whenua me te Horo: Ka taea e te keri nui me te kawe rauemi te whakararu nui i te whenua. Ka ngaro te hanganga momona o te oneone kua keria, ka heke te momona o te oneone, ka piki ake te tūponotanga o te horo o te oneone. Ka taea e tēnei te heke te hua ahuwhenua huri noa i te maina.
3. Te Parahanga Wai: He tūmomo mōrearea nui anō hoki te keri tuwhera ki ngā rauemi wai. Ka taea e ngā para me ngā paru mai i ngā maina te whakapoke i ngā awa, ngā roto, me ngā puna wai ki ngā konganuku paitini pērā i te mercury, te arsenic, me te toka waikawa. Ehara i te mea ka kino noa iho ngā pūnaha rauropi wai engari ka mōrearea hoki te hauora o ngā hapori e whakawhirinaki ana ki ēnei puna wai. Ka taea e te waikawa o te wai i puta mai i te waikura o ngā kohuke whanariki te kino i ngā pūnaha rauropi wai māori me te whakaiti i te kounga o te wai inu.
4. Te Parahanga o te Hau: Ka puta te puehu me ngā tukunga hau kino pēnei i te hauhā whanariki me ngā waikura hauota i roto i te keri tuwhera, ka taea te para i te hau. Ka taea e ēnei matūriki me ngā hau te whakararu i te hauora o ngā kaimahi keri me ngā hapori huri noa, tae atu ki ngā mate manawa me ngā mate pūnaha toto.
5. Taupatupatu Hapori me te Ōhanga: He maha ngā wā ka puta he taupatupatu i waenga i ngā kamupene keri me ngā hapori huri noa i te maina tuwhera. Ko te peinga i te tangata, te utu kore e tika, me te hekenga o te kounga o te oranga ngā tino pūtake o te taupatupatu. Hei tāpiri, ko te tohatoha kore taurite o ngā painga ōhanga mai i te keri ka kaha ake te rawakore me te kore taurite i roto i ngā hapori huri noa i te maina.
Ngā Mahi Whakaiti me te Whakahaere
Hei whakautu i ēnei pānga kino, kua kaha te tautoko a ngā rōpū maha kia whakatinanahia ngā ture tino pakari me ngā mahi keri maina tauwhiro ake. I roto i ētahi whenua, tae atu ki Initonīhia, kua kaha haere te whakakaha i ngā ture taiao i roto i te rāngai keri maina, me te whāinga kia whakaitihia ngā pānga kino o ngā mahi keri maina tuwhera.
Ko ētahi o ngā mahi whakaitiiti ka taea te mahi ko:
1. Te Whakaora Whenua: Kia oti ngā mahi keri, me whakaora te rohe, me whakahoki rānei ki tōna āhua taketake. Kei roto i tēnei whakaora ko te whakato anō i ngā otaota o te rohe, te whakapai ake i te hanganga o te oneone, me te whakaora i ngā awa.
2. Te Whakahaere Wai Para: He mea nui te whakahaere pai o te wai para me ngā paru hei ārai i te parahanga wai. Ka taea tēnei mā te whakatū i ngā pūnaha maimoatanga wai para matatau me te whakawhanake i ngā tikanga whakakore i te rerenga waikawa o te maina.
3. Te Whakahaere i te Puehu me te Tukunga: Mā te tāuta i ngā taputapu whakahaere tukunga, te whakamakuku i ngā rori maina hei whakaiti i te puehu, me te whakamahi i ngā hangarau ma ake ka āwhina i te whakaiti i te parahanga o te hau.
4. Te Whai Wāhitanga o te Hapori: Me whai wāhi ngā hapori o te rohe ki ngā tukanga whakatau e pā ana ki ngā mahi keri i roto i ō rātou rohe. Kei roto i tēnei ko te māramatanga o ngā mōhiohio, te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki te marea, me te utu tika mō te hunga e pāngia ana.
Whakamutunga
He nui te takoha a te keri tuwhera ki te ōhanga mā te uara ōhanga me te waihanga mahi. Heoi anō, he nui ngā pānga kino o tēnei tikanga ki te taiao me ngā hapori e karapoti ana i te maina. Nō reira, he mea nui ngā ture pakari, ngā mahi keri pumau, me te whakahaere kawenga hei whakaiti i ēnei pānga kino. Ko te mahi tahi i waenga i te kāwanatanga, ngā kamupene keri, me ngā hapori te mea nui ki te whakatutuki i ngā mahi keri pumau me te tika mō ngā rōpū katoa.
