Pūnaha Aunoatanga o te Waka Utu
Kua whanake te umanga moana i ngā tekau tau e rua kua pahure ake nei, nā ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau aunoatanga i akiaki. Ahakoa i whakawhirinaki nui ngā mahi kaipuke utanga ki ngā pūkenga ā-ringa me te tirotiro tika a ngā kaimahi, he maha ngā mahi nui ka taea te aroturuki, te whakahaere, me te arotau mā roto i ngā pūnaha matihiko. Ehara i te mea ko te "whakamōhio ake i ngā kaipuke" anake ngā pūnaha aunoatanga kaipuke utanga, engari ko te whakapai ake i te haumaru, te whai huatanga o te wahie, te pono o te mahi, me te tutuki i ngā paerewa o te ao. I roto i te horopaki o tētahi mekameka tuku o te ao e hiahia ana kia tika te wā, ko te aunoatanga te mea nui hei whakarite kia mau tonu, kia ōhanga, kia haumaru hoki te mahi a ngā kaipuke.
Te Whakamāramatanga me te Whānuitanga o te Aunoatanga o ngā Waka Utu
Ko te pūnaha aunoatanga kaipuke utanga he raupapa taputapu me te pūmanawa i hangaia hei āwhina i te whakahaere aunoa, ā-haurua rānei o ngā tukanga i runga i te kaipuke. He whānui tōna whānuitanga, tae atu ki te aroturuki i te miihini matua, te whakahaere hiko, te whakahaere i te taumaha me te waikeri, te whakahaere pāmahana me te hauhautanga, me te aroturuki i te āhua o te utanga. Ko te whakahaere aunoatanga i runga i ngā kaipuke ka whakatinanahia i te nuinga o te wā mā te whakamahi i te kaupapa whakauru: ka kohia ngā raraunga mai i ngā pūoko, ka tukatukahia e te kaiwhakahaere (PLC), kātahi ka whakamahia hei whakahaere i ngā kaiwhakaoho pēnei i ngā takirere, ngā papu, ngā motuka, ngā whakaoho rānei.
I roto i te mahi, kāore te aunoatanga e whakakapi katoa i ngā mahi a te tangata. Ko ngā mema o te kapa te kawenga matua, inā koa mō te whakatau kaupapa nui. Heoi, ka āwhina te aunoatanga mā te whakarato i ngā mōhiohio wā-tūturu, te whakaiti i ngā mahi o ia rā, me te whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā hapa a te tangata i roto i ngā mahi auau.
Ngā Wāhanga Matua o te Pūnaha Aunoatanga
Ko ngā pūnaha aunoatanga kaipuke utanga he maha ngā wāhanga matua. Tuatahi, ko ngā pūoko me ngā taputapu, pērā i ngā tuku pēhanga, ngā pūoko pāmahana, ngā mita rere, ngā ine taumata, me ngā pūoko wiri. Ka tāutahia ēnei pūoko ki ngā miihini, ki ngā paipa, ki ngā tāke, me ngā papa hiko hei hopu i te āhua tuturu o te kaipuke.
Tuarua ko te kaiwhakahaere, he maha ngā wā he PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) he waeine whakahaere motuhake rānei nā te kaihanga. Ka whakahaerehia e tēnei kaiwhakahaere ngā mahi whakahaere, pērā i te tahuri i te papu ina neke atu te taumata o te tāke i tētahi rohe, te kati rānei i te takirere ina tae te pēhanga ki tētahi uara mōrahi.
Tuatoru ko te pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te whatunga, e hono ana i ngā taputapu maha ki te pokapū whakahaere. I runga i ngā kaipuke hou, ka taea e ngā whakawhitiwhiti raraunga te whakamahi i ngā kawa ahumahi (hei tauira, Modbus, Profibus, Ethernet ahumahi rānei) hei whakahaere i te whakaurunga i waenga i ngā taputapu.
Tuawhā, kei reira te HMI/SCADA (Human Machine Interface/Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition), e mahi ana hei whakaaturanga mā te kaiwhakahaere. Mā te mata i roto i te rūma whakahaere miihini, ka taea e te kaiwhakahaere te tiro i ngā tawhā pēnei i te pāmahana whakamatao, te kai wahie, te tūnga o te whakaputa hiko, tae atu ki ngā whakaoho turuturu.
Ko te tuarima ko ngā actuator, arā, ko ngā taputapu e mahi ana i ngā mahi ā-tinana: ngā motuka papu, ngā takirere solenoid, ngā servo, ngā pakaru hiko, me ētahi atu taputapu whakahaere. Ko te whakakotahitanga o ēnei wāhanga e rima ka hanga i te "huringa aunoatanga" o te rongo, te tukatuka, me te mahi.
Ngā Wāhi Aunoatanga Tino Noa i runga i ngā Waka Utu
I runga i ngā kaipuke utanga, ko te mahi aunoatanga e aro nui ana ki ētahi pūnaha nui. Ko te mahi aunoatanga rūma miihini te mahi whānui rawa atu, e kapi ana i te whakahaere o te miihini matua, te pūnaha whakahinuhinu, te whakamatao, te wahie, te hau kōpeke (te hau tīmatanga), me ngā pūnaha whakaputanga hau. Mā te mahi aunoatanga ka taea te aroturuki i ngā tawhā nui, ā, ka whakarato whakatūpato wawe mēnā ka puta he āhuatanga rerekē, pērā i te pikinga o te pāmahana o te peera, te hekenga rānei o te pēhanga hinu.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka whakahaeretia e te Pūnaha Whakahaere Hiko (PMS) te whakaputa hiko o te kaipuke. Ko te PMS te kawenga mō te tohatoha kawenga i waenga i ngā miihini whakaputa hiko, te tahuri, te whakaweto rānei i ngā miihini whakaputa hiko i runga i te tono kawenga, me te tiaki i te pūnaha mai i te pōuri. Mō ngā kaipuke utanga e kawe ana i ngā taputapu tāpiri pēnei i ngā kerēne, i ngā ipu whakatō rānei, he mea nui te whakahaere hiko tika hei ārai i ngā whakararuraru mahi.
Ko ētahi atu pūnaha aunoa e whakamahia ana ko ngā pūnaha pauna me ngā pūnaha papa wai. I roto i ngā pūnaha pauna, ka āwhina te aunoatanga ki te pupuri i te pumau o te kaipuke mā te whakakī me te whakakore haumaru i ngā tāke pauna. I roto i ngā pūnaha papa wai, ka taea e te pūnaha te kite i ngā taumata wai i roto i te rūma miihini me te whakahohe i ngā papu papa wai ina hiahiatia, me te whakaoho anō hoki i te whakaoho mena ka tino teitei te taumata.
Mō ngā kaipuke he utanga tairongo, pērā i ngā utanga rūma whakatō, ngā ipu pouaka whakamātao rānei, kei roto hoki i te aunoatanga te aroturuki i te pāmahana me te whakapaunga hiko. Mō te taha haumaru, ko ngā pūnaha pērā i te kimi ahi, te kimi hau, me te kati ohorere he wāhanga nui o te aunoatanga whakauru.
Te Whakaurunga o te Whakatere me ngā Mahi a te Waka
Ahakoa he nui ake te whakamahinga i roto i te rūma miihini, kei te whanake haere hoki te aunoatanga i roto i ngā mahi whakatere me ngā mahi kaipuke. Ka taea te whakauru i ngā pūnaha pēnei i te autopilot, te ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System), te AIS, te radar, me ngā pūoko huarere hei āwhina i ngā whakatau whakatere. I runga i ngā kaipuke utanga hou, he maha ngā wā ka whakakotahihia ngā raraunga whakatere me te miihini hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga, hei tauira, te whiriwhiri i te tere ōhanga i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te moana me te ETA (Estimated Time of Arrival) e whai ake nei.
Kei te piki haere te rongonui o te ariā o te arotautanga haerenga, e whakamahi ana i ngā raraunga hītori me ngā raraunga wā-tūturu hei whakahaere i ngā huarahi, te tere, me te whakapaunga wahie. Ahakoa kāore e whakakapi katoa i te kaiwhakatere, ka āwhina tēnei pūnaha ki te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere me ngā tukunga.
Ngā Painga o ngā Pūnaha Aunoatanga
Ko te painga tino kitea ko te whakanui ake i te haumaru. Ka taea e ngā whakaoho aunoa me ngā raka te ārai i ngā kino whakamate, pērā i te whakaweto i te mīhini ina tino heke te pēhanga hinu, te tapahi rānei i te tuku wahie ina kitea he ahi.
Ko tētahi atu painga ko te whai huatanga o te mahi. Mā te aunoatanga ka taea te arotau i te tahunga, te whakahaere i ngā kawenga o ngā kaihanga hiko, me te whakaiti i te moumou pūngao. I runga i te tauine kaipuke utanga, ahakoa he iti noa ngā penapena wahie ka pā kino ki te pūtea mō te wā roa.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka tautokohia e te aunoatanga te tiaki matapae. Mā te whakamahi i ngā pūoko wiri me te pāmahana, ka taea te aro turuki tonu i ngā āhuatanga o ngā taputapu, ka taea ai te mahi tiaki i runga i ngā āhuatanga tūturu (tiaki e hangai ana ki ngā āhuatanga), kaua i te kaupapa mahi anake. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei huarahi te wā kore mahi, ā, ka roa ake te ora o te wāhanga.
Mai i te tirohanga whakahaere, ka māmā ake te pupuri tuhinga me te tuku pūrongo mā ngā pūnaha aunoa. Ka taea te tuhi aunoa i ngā raraunga whakahaere mō ngā arotake, ngā tirotirohanga aituā, me te tutuki i ngā ture tukunga me te haumaru.
Ngā Wero me ngā Mōrearea Whakatinanatanga
Ahakoa ōna painga maha, he wero anō hoki te aunoatanga. Tuatahi ko te whakawhirinaki ki ngā pūnaha hiko. Ka taea e te korenga o te pūoko, te whakararuraru whatunga, te korenga rānei o te kaiwhakahaere te whakaoho i ngā hapa pānui, ngā hapa whakahaere rānei. Nō reira, me mau tonu ngā tikanga tāruarua me ngā tikanga ā-ringa.
Tuarua ko te take o te haumarutanga tukutuku. Kei te piki haere te hononga o ngā kaipuke hou ki ngā whatunga takutai-ki-uta, ka tūpono rātou ki ngā whakaekenga ipurangi. He mea nui ngā mahi pēnei i te wehewehenga whatunga, ngā whakahoutanga pūnaha, te whakahaere urunga, me te whakangungu kaimahi hei ārai i te noho hei ngoikoretanga o te aunoatanga.
Tuatoru ko te rite o ngā rauemi tangata. Me mārama ngā mema o te kapa ki te pānui raraunga, te whakautu ki ngā whakaoho, me te mahi rapurongoā taketake i runga i ngā pūnaha aunoa. Ki te kore he whakangungu e tika ana, ka taea e te hangarau matatau te whakanui ake i te whakapoauau i roto i te āhuatanga ohorere.
Tuawhā ko ngā utu haumi me te whakaurunga. Ko te tāutanga o tētahi pūnaha aunoa angitu me whakamahere, me whiriwhiri kaihoko, me whakamātautau mahi, me whakatūturu, me te tiwhikete. He mahi uaua te whakaurunga ki ngā taputapu tawhito e hiahia ana ki tētahi huarahi wāhanga.
Te Anamata o te Aunoatanga o ngā Waka Utauta
Kei te anga whakamua te aunoatanga o ngā kaipuke utanga ki ngā pūnaha atamai ake, honohono ake. Kei te whakamahia te IoT moana, te tātari raraunga, me te mātauranga horihori hei matapae i te whakapaunga wahie, hei kite wawe i ngā tauira kino, me te arotau i ngā wā tiaki. He maha ngā kaupapa e whakamātautau ana i te ariā o ngā kaipuke motuhake, ahakoa kei te aro tonu te whakatinanatanga whānui ki ngā wero ture, haumaru, me te whakaae ahumahi.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ko te hiahia kia whakaitihia ngā tukunga kei te akiaki i te aunoatanga hei tautoko i te whakamahinga o ngā wahie rerekē pēnei i te LNG, te methanol, te haukini rānei. Ka nui haere te hiranga o ngā pūnaha whakahaere me te aroturuki hei whakarite i te whakahaere haumaru o ngā wahie hou.
Whakamutunga
He tūāpapa nui ngā pūnaha aunoatanga kaipuke utanga mō ngā mahi kaipuke hou. Mā te whakauru i ngā pūoko, ngā kaiwhakahaere, ngā whatunga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, me ngā atanga kaiwhakahaere, ka whakapai ake te aunoatanga i te haumaru, te whai huatanga, me te pono. Heoi, me haere tahi me te rautaki whakahaere mōrearea tōna whakatinanatanga, inā koa mō te haumarutanga tukutuku, te pono o ngā taputapu, me te pūkenga o ngā kaimahi. I ngā rā kei te heke mai, ka whanake haere te aunoatanga ki ngā pūnaha atamai e whakahaerehia ana e ngā raraunga e tautoko ana i te whai huatanga o te pūngao, te whakaiti i ngā tukunga, me ngā mahi kaipuke e urutau ake ana ki ngā nekehanga o te kawe waka o te ao.
