Pūnaha Whakatere Waka e Hangai ana ki te Pūoko
Ko te whakatere te ngākau o ngā mahi moana. I waenganui i te whānui o te moana, ka raru pea ngā huringa tere o te rangi, ngā ia hihiri, te kikī o ngā waka i runga i ngā ara kaipuke, me te iti o te tirohanga. Nō reira, kei te whakawhirinaki haere te ao moana hou ki ngā pūnaha whakatere kaipuke e ahu mai ana i ngā pūoko, he raupapa taputapu e hopu ana i ngā raraunga taiao me te tūranga o te kaipuke i te wā tūturu, kātahi ka tukatuka hei mōhiohio hei āwhina i te whakatau kaupapa. Ehara i te mea ka whakapai ake noa ēnei pūnaha i te haumaru engari ka whakapai ake hoki i te pai o te wahie, te wā tika, me te tutuki i ngā ture kaipuke.
Ngā Ariā Taketake o te Whakaterenga e Hangai ana ki te Pūoko
Ko te mahi a ngā pūnaha whakatere e ahu mai ana i ngā pūoko he mātāpono māmā noa iho: ine—whakakotahi—whakaatu—whakatūpato. He maha ngā pūoko i runga i te kaipuke e ine ana i te tūranga, te tere, te ahunga, te hohonu, ngā āhuatanga o te rangi, me te aroaro o ētahi atu mea i te taha. Kātahi ka whakakotahihia ēnei raraunga (whakakotahi pūoko) e te rorohiko whakatere, ka whakaaturia mā roto i tētahi atanga pēnei i te ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System), te whakaaturanga radar, te papa piriti rānei. Ina neke atu ētahi tawhā i ngā paepae haumaru—hei tauira, he tata rawa te kaipuke ki uta, he piki ake rānei te mōrearea o te tukinga—ka taea e te pūnaha te tuku i tētahi whakaoho hei whakatūpato i te kapa.
Kei te piki haere te hiranga o te whakatere e ahu mai ana i ngā pūoko i te mea ka nui haere ngā mahi moana: ngā kaipuke nunui ake, ngā huarahi pukumahi ake, me ngā tono nui ake mō te haumaru me te whai huatanga. I runga i te maha o ngā kaipuke hokohoko hou, ehara ēnei pūoko i te tāpiri, engari he wāhanga o tētahi pūnaha whakauru kua noho hei paerewa ahumahi.
Ngā Pūoko Matua i roto i ngā Pūnaha Whakatere Waka
1. GNSS (GPS me ētahi atu pūnaha amiorangi)
Kei roto i te GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) te GPS, te GLONASS, te Galileo, me te BeiDou. Ka whakaratohia e ngā pūoko GNSS ngā mōhiohio tino tika mō te tūranga o te kaipuke (te whānui, te roa), te tere, me te wā. I roto i te mahi, ko te GNSS te tohutoro matua mō te aroturuki huarahi me te tuhi haerenga. Heoi, kāore te GNSS i te tino tika i ngā wā katoa: ka taea te whakararuraru i ngā tohu e te huarere kino, ngā whakaata tohu (ngā ara maha), te pokanoa/te aukati pea rānei. Nō reira, me hiahia tonu ngā kaipuke ki ētahi atu pūoko mō te taurite.
2. Kāpehu Gyro me te Kāpehu Aukume
Hei whakatau tika i te ahunga, ka whakamahia e ngā kaipuke he kāpehu aukume, kāore e pāngia e te papa aukume o te Ao pērā i te kāpehu aukume. He mea nui ngā kāpehu aukume mō te pumau o ngā mōhiohio ahunga i runga i te radar, ngā pairati aunoa, me ngā pūnaha tūtohi hiko. Kei te whakamahia tonutia ngā kāpehu aukume hei tārua, inā koa ka pāngia te pūnaha kāpehu aukume.
3. Rātari Whakatere
He pūoko matua te radar mō te kite i ngā mea e karapoti ana i tētahi kaipuke—ētahi atu kaipuke, whenua, pōito, tae atu ki te ua nui—i roto i ngā āhuatanga tirohanga rerekē. Ka mahi te radar mā te tuku i ngā ngaru hikohiko me te hopu i ō rātou whakaata. I roto i ngā taiao whakatere kīkī pērā i ngā kokoru, i ngā tauranga rānei, ka āwhina te radar ki te tautuhi i ngā ūnga, ki te whakatau tata i ngā tawhiti, me te aroturuki i te nekehanga o ngā mea ka tūpono he tūponotanga tukinga.
4. AIS (Pūnaha Tautuhi Aunoa)
Mā te reo irirangi VHF ka tukuna, ka whiwhi hoki a AIS i ngā raraunga tuakiri kaipuke, tūranga, ahunga, me te tere. Mā te AIS, ka taea e ngā kaipuke te kite ko wai kei te tata, ehara i te mea ko ngā tohu radar ingoakore anake. He tino whai hua te AIS mō te whakapai ake i te mōhiotanga ki ngā āhuatanga, te āwhina i te whakaritenga, me te tautoko i ngā pūnaha karo tukinga. Heoi, ka whakawhirinaki a AIS ki te pono o te whakaurunga me te wātea o ngā tohu; kāore pea ētahi kaipuke iti e tuku AIS, ā, ka taea te whakaroa, te hē rānei o ngā raraunga AIS mēnā ka hē te whirihora.
5. Pūorooro Echo (Pūorooro Hōhonu)
Ka ine tēnei pūoko i te hohonutanga o te wai i raro i te takere o te kaipuke (te tawhiti i raro i te takere). I ngā wai pāpaku, i ngā waka whakatere tata ki uta rānei, he mea nui ngā mōhiohio hohonu. Ka mahi ngā pūorooro echo mā te whakamahi i ngā ngaru oro e whakaatahia ana mai i te papa moana. Mā te whakauru i ngā raraunga hohonutanga ki ngā tūtohi whakatere ka āwhina i ngā kaimahi ki te whakarite kei te huarahi haumaru te kaipuke.
6. Te Rārangi Tere me te Pūoko Tere
Ka ine te rārangi tere i te tere o te waka, e pā ana ki te wai me te papa moana (i runga i te momo o te waka). E hiahiatia ana ngā mōhiohio tere mō ngā tataunga huarahi, te wā taenga mai (ETA), me te nekeneke, inā koa i te wā e tau ana, e nekeneke ana rānei i ngā wāhi kuiti.
7. Ngā Pūoko Huarere me te Taiao
Ka inehia e ngā anemometer te tere me te ahunga o te hau. Ka aroturukihia e ngā barometer te pēhanga hau, ā, ka tautokohia e ngā pūoko pāmahana me te haumākū te tātari taiao. I runga i ētahi kaipuke, ka honoa ēnei raraunga ki ngā pūnaha matapae ā-rohe, ā, ka āwhina i te whakatau i ngā mahi pēnei i te whakarerekētanga huarahi hei karo i ngā tupuhi, hei whakapai ake rānei i te whakapaunga wahie.
8. Te Wāhanga Ine Ā-Inertia (IMU) me te Pūoko Nekehanga
Ka aroturukihia e te IMU te nekehanga o te kaipuke: te tō, te hurihuri, me te piko. He mea nui ngā raraunga nekehanga kaipuke hei whakaū i ngā pānui pūoko, hei whakapai ake i te tika o te aroturuki radar/pūihi, me te tautoko i ngā mahi motuhake pēnei i ngā kaipuke rangahau, ngā kaipuke hōia, ngā kaipuke rānei he pūnaha taunga hērakapeta.
Whakaurunga Pūnaha: Mai i ngā Pūoko ki ngā Whakataunga
Ko te kaha matua o ngā pūnaha whakatere hou kei roto i te whakaurunga. Ka whakakotahihia ngā raraunga mai i te GNSS, te gyrocompass, te radar, te AIS, me ētahi atu pūoko hei hanga i tētahi pikitia whānui. Ko ngā papaaho pēnei i te ECDIS ka noho hei whakaaturanga matua, e whakaatu ana i te tūranga o te kaipuke i runga i tētahi mapi hiko, me ngā huarahi, ngā tūponotanga whakatere, ngā rohe hohonu, me ngā mōhiohio ūnga mai i te AIS/radar.
Mā tēnei whakaurunga ka taea ngā āhuatanga nui:
– Te karo i te tukinga: Ka tatau i ngā pūwāhi tukinga pea i runga i te ahunga me te tere o te ūnga (CPA/TCPA).
– Te aroturuki hapa whakawhiti-ara: Mā te whakarite kia noho tonu te kaipuke ki te ara kua whakaritea.
– Ngā whakaoho me ngā whakamōhiotanga: Ka whakarato whakatūpato ina whakatata atu ki te wai pāpaku, ina he te huarahi, ina tomo rānei ki tētahi wāhi kua rāhuitia.
– Te whakahaere aunoa me te ara: Te whakahaere i te urungi e whai ana i te huarahi kua whakaritea, me te tirotiro tonu e te kapa.
Heoi, kāore ngā pūnaha aunoa e whakakapi i te wawaotanga a te tangata. Me whai whakaaro tonu te āpiha e mataara ana (OOW) me te whakahaere tikanga mō te whakatere, nā te mea ka taea e ngā pūoko te hē, te whakarato rānei i ngā raraunga tinihanga mēnā kāore i te tika te whakatikatika.
Ngā Painga o ngā Pūnaha Whakatere e Hangai ana ki te Pūoko
1. Te whakanui ake i te haumaru: Te kite wawe i ngā tūponotanga, inā koa i te kohu, te ua, te pō rānei.
2. Te whai huatanga o te whakahaere: Ka taea te whakapai ake i ngā huarahi hei penapena wahie me te wā haere.
3. Te tino tika: He tika ake te tūnga, te ahunga, me te tere i ngā tikanga tuku iho.
4. Tautoko tuhinga: Ka taea te tuhi i ngā raraunga haere mō ngā arotake, ngā tirotirohanga aituā, me te tutuki i ngā ture.
5. Te pai ake o te mahi tahi: Ka āwhina te AIS me ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero whakauru i te taunekeneke ki te VTS (Vessel Traffic Services) me ētahi atu kaipuke.
Ngā Wero me ngā Mōrearea
Ahakoa ōna painga, he wero anō hoki ngā pūnaha whakatere e hangai ana ki ngā pūoko:
– Mā te whakawhirinaki nui rawa ki ngā taputapu aunoa ka whakaiti i te mataara me ngā pūkenga ā-ringa.
– Ka taea e te pokanoa o te tohu GNSS (te aukati, te tinihanga) te whakaputa hapa tūnga morearea.
– Mā te whirihoranga hē o te AIS, o te ECDIS rānei ka hē te whakaatu i ngā raraunga.
– Ka ngaro pea ngā raraunga nui i te ngoikore o ngā taputapu pērā i ngā pūihi, ngā taura, ngā waeine tukatuka rānei.
– He take nui te haumarutanga ipurangi nā te mea kua honoa ngā pūnaha whakatere ki te whatunga o te kaipuke.
Nō reira, ko ngā mahi pai rawa atu ko te tiaki auau, te whakatikatika, ngā tukanga tirotiro i waenga i ngā pūoko (hei tauira, te whakatairite i ngā whakatikatika radar ki te GNSS), me te whakangungu kaimahi kia taea ai te whakahaere me te aromatawai arohaehae i ngā raraunga.
Aronga Whakawhanake: Ki te Whakatere Atamai
Ā tōna wā, ka neke atu ngā pūnaha whakatere kaipuke ki ngā pūnaha whakatere atamai me ngā pūnaha haurua-motuhake. Ka taea e ngā hangarau pēnei i te matauranga horihori te āwhina i te tautuhi i ngā tauira waka, te matapae i ngā mōrearea tukinga, me te taunaki i ngā nekehanga haumaru ake. Kei te whakamatautauria ngā pūoko kāmera me ngā pūoko LIDAR i runga i ētahi kaipuke hei whakapai ake i te kitenga o ngā mea iti e uaua ana ki te kitea e te radar. Hei tāpiri, mā te whakaurunga ki ngā raraunga huarere amiorangi me te ia o te moana ka huaki ake ngā whai wāhitanga mō te arotautanga huarahi hihiri ake.
Heoi, ahakoa te matatau o te hangarau, ko te kaupapa matua o te whakatere he rite tonu: ko te haumaru te mea tuatahi. Ko te mea pai, ko ngā pūnaha whakatere e ahu mai ana i ngā pūoko hei "hoa" ki te kaiwhakatere, kaua hei whakakapi. Ko te taurite i waenga i te aunoatanga, ngā tikanga, me te pūkenga tangata ka whakatau i te whakamahinga angitu o tēnei hangarau i roto i te ao moana.
Te Katinga
He huinga taputapu ine me ngā tūāpapa whakauru raraunga te pūnaha whakatere moana e hangai ana ki te pūoko e āhei ai ngā kaipuke ki te whakahaere haumaru ake, me te whai hua ake. Mā te GNSS mō te tūnga, ngā gyrocompasses mō te ahunga, te radar me te AIS mō te kimi waka, ngā orooro mō te hohonu, me ngā pūoko huarere mō te aroturuki taiao, he whānui ake te "mārama" o ngā kaipuke hou i tō te wā o te whakatere tuku iho. Me matapae ngā wero pēnei i te pokanoa tohu, ngā hapa whirihoranga, me te haumarutanga tukutuku mā te whakangungu, te tiaki, me ngā tikanga tirotiro whakawhiti. Hei whakamutunga, ko te whakatere e hangai ana ki te pūoko he taahiraa nui ki tētahi heke mai atamai ake, urutau ake, me te haumaru ake mō te kaipuke.
