Arotahi Whānui-Kōrahi Kāmera Mamati
I te ao o te whakaahua matihiko, ko te arotahi te "kanohi" matua e whakatau ana i te āhua tirohanga o tētahi whakaahua. Ko tētahi o ngā momo arotahi e tino rapuhia ana—mai i ngā kaiwhakaahua whenua ki ngā kaiwhakaahua whare ki ngā kaihanga ihirangi—ko te arotahi whānui-koki. He whānui ake te tirohanga a tēnei arotahi i te arotahi paerewa, e āhei ai te hopu i ngā huānga maha atu i roto i te anga kotahi. Heoi, ehara i te mea "e tika ana" noa iho ngā arotahi whānui-koki; he āhuatanga whatu ahurei anō ō rātou, he wero hangarau, me te momo kōrero tirohanga. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te whakamāramatanga, ngā momo, ngā whakamahinga, me ngā tohutohu whai hua mō te whiriwhiri me te whakamahi i ngā arotahi whānui-koki i runga i ngā kāmera matihiko.
He aha te Arotahi Whānui?
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te arotahi whānui he arotahi poto ake i te arotahi paerewa. I runga i te kāmera anga-katoa, ko te arotahi paerewa he 50mm te nuinga. Nō reira, ko ngā roa arotahi i raro iho i tērā—hei tauira, 35mm, 24mm, 20mm, 16mm—ka whakarōpūtia hei whānui-koki. I runga i te kāmera APS-C (pūoko iti ake), ka poto ake te roa arotahi ōrite nā te tauwehe tapahi (ko te tikanga he 1.5x, he 1.6x rānei). Hei tauira, ko te 16mm i runga i te kāmera APS-C he rite tonu ki te 24mm i runga i te kāmera anga-katoa.
Ko te āhuatanga matua o te arotahi whānui ko tōna koki tirohanga nui: he whānui ake te tirohanga, ka taea te hopu i te wāhi nui ake i roto i te whakaahua. Ko tētahi atu pānga ko te whakapōturi tirohanga: he nui ake te āhua o ngā mea e tata ana ki te kāmera, engari he iti ake te āhua o ngā mea tawhiti. Ina whakamahia tika, ka puta mai i tēnei pānga he whakaahua whakamiharo e rite ana ki te "pōwhiri" i te kaimātakitaki ki te tirohanga.
Ngā Momo Arotahi Whānui
Kāore i te rite te hanga o ngā koki whānui katoa. He maha ngā momo rerekētanga noa:
1. Whānui-koki noa (tika)
Ko ngā karāhe arotahi tapawhā rite e whai ana kia tika tonu ngā rārangi, kia pai ai mō ngā hoahoanga me ngā whakapaipai o roto. Ko ngā tauira o ngā whānuitanga rongonui ko te 24mm, 20mm, me te 16mm.
2. Whānui rawa te koki
Ko te tikanga e pā ana ki ngā roa arotahi poto rawa atu—hei tauira, 14mm, 12mm, 10mm—me ngā koki tirohanga tino nui. He pai mō ngā whenua whānui, ngā wheturangi, me ngā whakaahua auaha, engari me tūpato nā te kaha ake o te whakapōturi o te tirohanga.
3. Kanohi Ika
Ka puta he āhua piko rerekē o te Fisheye, e whakamahia ana mō ngā pānga toi, ngā hākinakina mahi, ngā mahi ataata auaha rānei. Ka piko ngā rārangi tika i ngā taha o te anga. Ehara i te mea pai mō ngā tuhinga tūturu, engari he āhua ātaahua tōna ake.
4. Whakawhānui whānui
Hei tauira, 10–18mm (APS-C), 16–35mm (anga-katoa). He tino ngāwari nā te mea ka māmā ake te whakarerekē i te hanganga me te kore e hiahia ki te whakawhiti karaihe.
5. Whānui-koki Matua
Hei tauira, he 24mm f/1.8, 20mm f/1.4 rānei. Ko ngā arotahi matua he kounga teitei te kounga o te tirohanga, he nui ngā kōhao, ā, he pai hoki te mahi i te wā iti te mārama.
Ngā Whakamahinga o ngā Arotahi Whānui i roto i te Whakaahua
1. Whenua
E kiia ana ngā karāhe whānui he karāhe "me whai" mō ngā whenua nā te mea ka taea e rātou te hopu i ngā tirohanga whānui—ngā maunga, ngā takutai moana, ngā pāmu raihi, ngā rangi whakamiharo rānei—i roto i te anga kotahi. Ko tētahi painga nui o ngā karāhe whānui ko tōna kaha ki te hanga hohonu: ki te whakanohohia ngā huānga o mua (pēnei i ngā toka, ngā putiputi, ngā ara rānei) ki te taha o te kāmera, ka nui ake te āhua o te whakaahua.
2. Hoahoa Whare me te Āhua o Roto
I te wā e whakaahua ana i ngā whare, i ngā rūma, i ngā whenua rānei, ka āwhina te arotahi whānui-koki ki te hopu i te hanganga katoa, inā koa i ngā wāhi kuiti. Heoi, ko te wero ko te āhua o ngā rārangi poutū ka "taka" (he rerekētanga o te keystone) ina whakatītahahia te kāmera ki runga. Ko ngā otinga ko te pupuri i te taumata o te kāmera, te tango whakaahua mai i tētahi tūranga teitei ake, te whakatika rānei i te tirohanga i te wā e whakatika ana.
3. Te Haereere me te Whakaahua Tiriti
I a koe e haereere ana, he mea whai hua te arotahi whānui hei whakaatu i te horopaki o tētahi wāhi: he mākete pukumahi, he tiriti o te tāone, he āhua hakari rānei. Ka taea e koe te whakatata atu ki tō kaupapa me te whakauru tonu i te taiao e karapoti ana. Mā tēnei ka "oraora" ake te ahua o te whakaahua, ā, ka rite ki te kiriata pakipūmeka.
4. Te Vlogging me te Ataata
He maha ngā kaihanga e whiriwhiri ana i te koki whānui nā te mea he whānui ake te anga, he māmā ake te hopu whakaahua ā-ringa, ā, he nui ake te āhua o te tirohanga. He pai anō hoki te koki whānui ina hopu whakaahua ana i ngā wāhi iti. Heoi, kia tūpato: ki te tata rawa tō mata ki te karu whānui rawa, ka āhua rerekē ngā āhua o te mata (ka nui te ihu, ka whānui ake ngā taha o te mata).
5. Te Whakaahua Aorangi
Ko ngā karāhe whānui-koki me ngā kōhao nui (pēnei i te f/2.8, f/1.8, f/1.4 rānei) e whakamahia ana hei whakaahua i ngā whetū, i te Milky Way, i ngā aurora rānei. Mā te whānui o te koki, ka māmā ake te hopu i te rangi whānui, ā, ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o ngā ara whetū i te wā kotahi e kitea ana.
Ngā Pūāhua Whatu me ngā Wero
Mā te whakamahi i te koki whānui, kua rite koe ki te mahi tahi me ētahi pūāhua noa:
– Te hē o te tirohanga: te āhua nei kua "rahi" ngā mea e tata ana. Ehara tēnei i te hapa, engari he pānga tirohanga i te awhe tata.
– Te hē o te oko: ka āhua piko pea ngā rārangi tika, inā koa i ngā taha o te anga (he mea noa ake i ngā whakanui iti te utu, i ngā whakanui whānui rawa rānei).
– Te tāpiritanga o te whakaahua ki te whakaahua: he pōuri ake ngā taha o te whakaahua, inā koa i ngā kōhao nui.
– Te mura me te huna: He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā karaihe whānui-koki e anga ana ki te mārama (rā/rama), ka ngāwari ai te mura. He āwhina te taupoki karaihe me te tūranga tika o te mārama.
– Ngāwari o te taha: ka heke te koi o ngā kokonga o te anga i ētahi wā, inā koa i te kōhao nui rawa.
Ko te rongo pai, kei ngā kāmera me ngā pūmanawa hou (Lightroom, Capture One, te pūmanawa kua hangaia ki te kāmera) ngā kōtaha arotahi hei whakatika aunoa i te hē me te tāpiritanga ataata.
Ngā Tohutohu mō te Whakaahua me te Arotahi Whānui
1. Whakatatahia te taha mua kia puta ai he pānga whakamiharo.
He tino whai hua ngā whakaahua whānui ina he āhuatanga whakamere kei mua. Whakamātauria te whakatata atu ki tētahi toka, rākau, mea ahurei rānei hei tāpiri i te tauine me te hohonu.
2. Kia aro ki ngā taha o te anga
Nā te nui o te wāhi i hopukina, he maha ngā mea "whakararuraru" kei ngā taha: ngā taura, ngā para, ngā tāngata kāore e hiahiatia ana. Kia tirohia ngā kokonga o te anga i mua i te tango whakaahua.
3. Puritia te taumata o te kāmera mō te hoahoanga
Ka titiro ake koe, ka āhua "oki whakamuri" te whare. Whakamahia he mata whatu ki te mata, he tūru rānei me te taumata waiora hei pupuri i ngā rārangi.
4. Whakamahia ngā rārangi ārahi
He tino whai hua ngā rori, ngā reera, ngā taiapa, ngā rārangi papa rānei i te koki whānui nā te mea ka arahina te kanohi e te tirohanga ki te kaupapa matua.
5. Kia tūpato kei tangohia e koe he whakaahua o te tangata i te taha tata rawa.
Mō ngā whakaahua whakaahua, ka taea te whakamahi i te koki whānui hei auaha, engari he pai ake te pupuri i te tawhiti kia kore ai e whakapohehetia te mata. Ki te hiahia koe ki te whakauru i te taiao, whakanohohia te tangata ki waenganui o te anga, kaua e tata rawa.
6. Whakamahia he kōhao waenga kia ōrite te koi.
He koi rawa ngā karāhe whānui i te f/5.6–f/11. Mō ngā tirohanga whenua, he pai rawa atu tēnei awhe, me te tikanga arotahi tika.
Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i tētahi arotahi whānui
I te hoko, whakaarohia:
– Ngā whakaritenga mō te roa o te arotahi: he rawaka te 24mm mō te nuinga o ngā āhuatanga; he nui ake te 16mm; 10–12mm mō te APS-C whānui rawa atu, te anga-katoa rānei.
– Pūwero: He pai te f/2.8 mō te mārama iti me te ao whetu; he māmā ake te f/4, ā, he iti ake te utu.
– Te kounga o ngā koki anga: mō ngā whenua me ngā hoahoanga, he mea nui te koi o ngā koki.
– Whakapūmau: he mea whai hua mō te ataata, mō te pūrere pūkoro rānei.
– Hototahi tātari: He uaua ki te tāuta tātari ki ētahi karāhe whānui-rahi nā te mea e pū ake ana te wāhanga o mua. Mena ka whakamahia pinepinetia e koe ngā tātari ND, CPL rānei mō ngā whenua, he mea nui tēnei.
Te Katinga
He taputapu kaha te arotahi whānui-koki i runga i te kāmera matihiko mō te kōrero pakiwaitara tirohanga. Ehara i te mea ka whakawhānui noa i te tirohanga; ka huri i te mahi a te tirohanga, ka whakarei ake i te hohonutanga me te whakatuwhera i ngā whai wāhitanga tito auaha mai i mua ki muri. Ahakoa ngā wero pēnei i te whakapohehe me te whakahaere raina, ko ngā arotahi whānui-koki te whiringa tino pai mō ō rātou whakamahinga mō ngā whenua, ngā hoahoanga, ngā haerenga, tae atu ki ngā ataata. Mā te mārama ki ō rātou āhuatanga whatu me ngā tikanga tito tika, ka taea e ngā arotahi whānui-koki te whakaputa whakaahua e ahua whānui ana, e whakaari ana, e rumaki ana hoki—me te mea kei te tū tonu te kaimātakitaki i roto i te tirohanga.
