Te Pūtaiao o ngā Tipu Huawhenua o te Rohe-Toropika
Ko ngā tipu hua haurua-haurua he rōpū tipu hua e tupu pai ana i ngā āhuarangi haurua-haurua, arā, ngā wāhi e whā ngā wā, he wā makariri motuhake rānei i te tau. Ahakoa ka taea te whakatipu i ētahi hua haurua-haurua i ētahi rohe haurua-haurua (ina koa ko ngā whenua teitei), kei te awe tonuhia ō rātou āhuatanga tipu me ngā hiahia ā-tinana e ō rātou takenga mai o te āhuarangi. He mea nui te mārama ki te tipu tipu o ngā tipu hua haurua-haurua, ehara i te mea mō ngā kaupapa pūtaiao anake, engari mō te whakatipu, te whakaputa uri, me te tiaki i te ira tangata.
Te Ariā o te Āhuarangi Pārūrū me ōna Pānga ki ngā Tipu Hua
Ko ngā āhuarangi haurua-hauauru e tohuhia ana e ngā raumati mahana ki te wera, me ngā hotoke matao ki te makariri. I roto i ngā tikanga tipu, ko te hiahia "whakamatao" o ētahi momo he mea nui e wehewehe ana i ngā tipu hua haurua-hauauru mai i ngā tipu hua haurua-hauauru. E pā ana tēnei hiahia ki te moe puku, he āhua okiokinga ā-tinana e āwhina ana i ngā tipu kia ora i ngā āhuatanga makariri, kātahi ka tīmata anō te tipu me te pua i te wā kotahi ina mahana te pāmahana.
I ngā wāhi kāore e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga mō te whakamatao, ka pāngia ētahi tipu e ngā raruraru pua, te kore taurite o te whanaketanga rau, te iti rānei o te hua. Nō reira, he rautaki nui te whiriwhiri i ngā momo he iti ngā whakaritenga mō te whakamatao i te wā e whakatipu ana i ngā hua pārūrū i ngā rohe mahana ake.
Ngā momo tipu hua o te rohe pārūrū me te whakarōpūtanga whānui
I te nuinga o te wā, he maha ngā momo hua o ngā whānau tipu rerekē i roto i ngā hua pārūrū. Ko ētahi tauira rongonui ko te aporo (Malus domestica), te pea (Pyrus spp.), te pītiti (Prunus persica), te paramu (Prunus domestica), te cheri (Prunus avium), te karepe (Vitis vinifera), te rōpere (Fragaria × ananassa), me ētahi hua citrus (Citrus spp.) e pai ana te urutau ki ngā āhuatanga pārūrū. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā persimmon (Diospyros kaki), ngā pamekaranete (Punica granatum), me ngā oriwa (Olea europaea) he maha ngā wā e honoa ana ki ngā rohe pārūrū ki te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa.
Ka taea te arotake i te whakarōpūtanga otaota o ngā tipu hua hauāuru mā te whakarōpūtanga (whānau, puninga, momo), momo tipu (rākau, rakau iti, otaota), me ngā āhuatanga rau (rau rau, rau matomato rānei). Ko ngā āporo, ngā pea, me te maha o ngā momo Prunus he rau rau te nuinga, ko ngā citrus me ngā oriwa he rau matomato tonu.
Te Āhua o te Huawhenua: Ngā Pūtake, Ngā Kākano, me Ngā Rau
Ākara
Ko te pūnaha pakiaka o ngā tipu hua hauāuru he pūtake pakiaka e whanake ana hei pakiaka taha, inā koa i roto i ngā tipu rakau pērā i te aporo me te pītiti. He mahi nui tā ngā pakiaka ki te mimiti wai me ngā matūkai, ā, he tautoko hoki. I roto i te whakatipu hou, ka pā te whakamahinga o te pūtake ki te hanganga o te pakiaka: ka taea e ētahi pūtake te whakarei ake i te ātete ki ngā oneone taumaha, te tauraki, te tote, ngā mate pāwera rānei i roto i te oneone.
Kākano me te Karauna
He rakau ngā kakau o ngā rākau hua o te rohe-hauāuru, ā, he tipu tuatahi, he tipu tuarua hoki. Ka hangaia e te kiko cambium te xylem me te phloem tuarua, ka nui haere te whānui o te kakau, ka hanga hoki i ngā mowhiti ā-tau i roto i ētahi momo—he āhuatanga e kitea ana i ngā rohe he rerekē ngā wā. He rerekē te āhua o te karauna, ā, i roto i te whakatipuranga, he maha ngā wā ka hangaia mā te tapahi hei whakahaere i te urunga o te mārama, te rere o te hau, me te tohatoha o ngā hua.
rau
He māmā noa iho ngā rau o ngā tipu hua o te rohe-hauauru (hei tauira, ngā aporo) he pūhui rānei i ētahi momo. I roto i ngā tipu rau-pō, ka koroheke, ka ngaro ngā rau i te tata mai o te takurua. Ka pāngia tēnei tukanga e ngā huringa homoni me te roa o te rā (te roa o te rā). I roto i ngā tipu matomato o te rohe-hauauru pērā i te citrus, ka roa ake te ora o ngā rau engari ka haere tonu te hurihanga o ngā rau.
Te Āhua Whakaputa: Ngā Puawai, Te Whakapūtanga, me Ngā Hua
Punga
He mea nui ngā putiputi ki te angitu o te whakaputa hua. He maha ngā tipu hua o te rohe pārūrū e whakaputa putiputi tino pai ana (he pūta me he pistil) engari me whakawhiti-whakawhitiwhiti kia pai ai te hua. Hei tauira, mō ngā aporo, he maha ngā momo kāore e hototahi ki a rātou anō, me whai momo whakapūwhitiwhiti me te mahi a ngā pepeke, inā koa ngā pī.
Mā te hanganga o te putiputi ka āwhina i te tautuhi i te whānau: Ko ngā putiputi Rosaceae (āporo, pea, pītiti) he maha ngā rau me ngā kōrara, ā, he maha hoki ngā pūta. He iti ngā putiputi o te karepe (Vitaceae), he rite ki te panicle, ā, he kaha te kakara o ngā putiputi citrus, ā, he maha hoki ngā pūta.
Te Whakapūpū me te Whakamomona
Ka taea te āwhina i te whakapūpū e te hau (anemophily) me ngā pepeke (entomophily), engari ko te nuinga o ngā tipu hua o te rohe pārūrū e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā pepeke. Whai muri i te whakapūpū, ka puta te whakamomona, ka whakaoho i te whanaketanga o ngā hua me ngā purapura. He mea nui ngā āhuatanga o te rangi i te wā pua: ka taea e te ua, ngā hau kaha, ngā pāmahana tino iti rānei te aukati i te mahi a ngā kaiwhakapūpū me te whakaiti i te hanganga hua.
Momo Hua
I roto i ngā tikanga tipu, kāore te kupu "hua" e rite tonu ki te tikanga tunu kai. He pome ngā āporo me ngā pea nā te mea ko te wāhanga kai e ahu mai ana i te kiko whenua o te pua (hypanthium), ko ngā kākano kei roto i te ovary. Ko ngā pītiti, ngā paramu, me ngā cheri he hua kōhatu (drupes) me te endocarp mārō. Ko ngā karepe me ngā karaka he hua i roto i te tikanga tipu motuhake, ko ngā hua citrus ia e kiia ana he hesperidium, he momo hua he kiri matotoru me ngā putea wai.
Ngā Whakaritenga Moe, Whakatōtōtanga, me te Whakamatao
He mea nui te moe puku mō te oranga i te takurua. Me whakaemi ngā tipu i ngā pāmahana makariri (ngā hāora makariri, ngā wā whakamatao rānei) kia mutu ai te moe, kia tīmata ai te tipu noa i te wā e whai ake nei. He hononga tata te ariā o te whakapūmautanga—te hiahia mō te whakaoho makariri hei whakaoho i te pua—i roto i ētahi momo, ahakoa he rerekē ngā tikanga.
Mā te mārama ki ngā whakaritenga mō te whakamatao ka āwhina i ngā kaiwhakatipu ki te whakatau i ngā momo e tika ana. He pai ake ngā momo aporo "tino mātao" mō ngā rohe he tino kino te hotoke, engari i whakawhanakehia ngā momo "iti te mātao" mō te whakaputa i ngā rohe mahana ake, tae atu ki ngā whenua pukepuke haumākū, ngā whenua pārūrū rānei.
Ngā Urutau ā-tinana: Te Pāmahana, te Mārama, me te Wai
He rerekē te ātete o ngā tipu hua o te rohe-hauauru ki ngā pāmahana makariri. Ka taea e ētahi te ora i ngā pāmahana i raro i te kore, engari ka ngawari ki te huka i te wā e pua ana. Ka pā te photoperiodism ki te hanganga o te puku putiputi, te tere tipu, me te whakawhiti mai i te wā tipu ki te wā whakaputa uri. I taua wā, ka pā te wātea o te wai ki te rahi o te hua, te nui o te huka, me te kounga o te tinana.
I roto i te nuinga o ngā hua o te rohe pārūrū, me pupuri tonu te taurite i waenga i te tipu tipu me te tipu whakaputa uri. Ka taea e te hauota nui te whakaoho i te nui o te whakaputa rau me te wana, ka iti ake ngā pua. Ki te kore he wai i te wā e tipu ana te hua, ka iti ake te hua, ka heke rānei te kounga.
Te Whakatipu me te Whakatipu: Mai i te Kākano ki te Tāruatanga
I roto i ngā tikanga tipu, ka taea te whakatipu uri i ngā tipu hua mā te whakamahi i ngā purapura, mā te whakamahi rānei i ngā momo tipu. Heoi, he maha ngā wā ka rerekē te āhua o te hua i roto i te whakatipu uri, ā, ka rerekē hoki. Nō reira, ka whakawhirinaki te umanga hua ā-rohe ki ngā tikanga whakatipu uri pērā i te tāpiri, te tapahi, te pihi, me te pihi. Mā ēnei tikanga ka mau tonu ngā āhuatanga pai o te momo (cultivar) ā, ka taea te whakakotahi me te pakiaka e tika ana.
Ko te whakatipu hua rākau pārūrū e arotahi ana ki te ātete ki ngā mate, te urutau ki ngā huringa āhuarangi, te iti o ngā whakaritenga whakamatao, te kounga o te reka, me te roa o te wā e penapena ai. Me mārama tēnei tukanga ki ngā ira, te koiora whakaputa uri, me ngā taunekeneke tipu-taiao.
Ngā Rite, Ngā Mate, me Ngā Āhuatanga Tipu o te Parenga Tipu
He ngawari ngā tipu hua o te rohe-hauauru ki ngā momo mate harore, kitakita, me te huaketo. I roto i ngā tikanga tipu, he tikanga tiaki ā-pūtaiao kei ngā tipu pērā i ngā kiri rau, ngā matū phenolic, me ngā urupare aro nui ki ngā kiko. Heoi, i roto i ngā pūnaha whakatipu kaha, he maha ngā wā kāore i te rawaka te ātete taiao, e hiahiatia ana te whakahaere pepeke whakauru, tae atu ki te horoi i ngā māra hua rākau, ngā momo ātete, me te whakahaere i ngā rau hei ārai i te haumākū nui.
Te Katinga
Ko te pūtaiao pūtaiao o ngā tipu hua o te rohe-hauauru e kapi ana i te ako whānui o te hanganga, te mahi, me te urutau o ngā tipu ki ngā āhuarangi me ngā wā makariri motuhake. Mai i te āhua o te pakiaka ki te momo hua, mai i te moe puku ki ngā tikanga whakapūpū, he hononga katoa ngā mea, ā, ka whakatau i te angitu o te whakaputanga. Mā te mārama ki ēnei mātāpono pūtaiao pūtaiao, ka taea e te whakatipu hua o te rohe-hauauru te whai hua ake, te pumau ake, me te urutau ki ngā wero o te huringa āhuarangi me te tono mākete. Hei whakamutunga, ehara i te ariā noa iho te pūtaiao pūtaiao; ka whakaratohia he turanga mahi mō te whakaputa hua kounga teitei, pumau i ia wā ki ia wā.
