Ngā Tikanga Whakatauira o raro i te Mata me te Ahupūngao Whenua
Ko te Geophysics he peka o te pūtaiao whenua e whakamahi ana i ngā mātāpono o te ahupūngao me ngā tikanga pāngarau hei ako i ngā āhuatanga me te hanganga o Papatūānuku. Ko tētahi o ngā whakamahinga matua o te geophysics ko te whakatauira o raro i te mata, he mea nui i roto i ngā momo mara pēnei i te tūhuratanga rauemi taiao (hinu, hau, me ngā kohuke), te whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga kino taiao, me te whakahaere taiao. Ka whakamahia e tēnei tikanga ngā raraunga mai i ngā inenga ā-tinana i te mata, i te taha rānei o te mata hei whakarato mōhiohio mō te hanganga me te hanganga o raro i te mata. Ka arotakehia whānuitia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga whakatauira o raro i te mata mā te whakamahi i te geophysics.
Ngā Tikanga Ā-whenua mō te Whakatauira o raro i te Mata
1. Te Whakaata me te Whakaata o te Rūwhenua
Ko te whakaata rū whenua me te hurihanga he tikanga matua i roto i te tūhuratanga warowaihā me te rangahau hanganga o raro i te mata. I roto i te whakaata rū whenua, ka tukuna ngā ngaru rū whenua mai i tētahi pūtake rū whenua (pēnei i te pahūtanga iti, i te patu hama rānei) ka whakaatahia anō e ngā paparanga toka rerekē i ngā tere rerekē me ngā ārai oro. Kātahi ka hopukina ngā ngaru whakaata e ngā pūoko (ngā geophone, ngā hydrophone rānei) ka tuhia. Ka tukatukahia ēnei rekoata hei kōtaha rū whenua e whakaatu ana i te hanganga o raro i te mata. Ko te hurihanga rū whenua, i tētahi atu taha, ko te ine i te hurihanga o ngā ngaru rū whenua i a rātou e haere ana i roto i ngā paparanga i ngā tere rerekē. He whai hua tēnei tikanga mō te mahere i te hohonutanga o ngā paparanga me ngā toka pāpaku.
2. Aukume
E whakamahia ana ngā tikanga aukume hei kimi i ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te papa aukume o te Ao nā ngā rerekētanga o ngā āhuatanga aukume o ngā toka o raro i te mata. He tikanga whānui tēnei e whakamahia ana i roto i te tūhuratanga kohuke, ngā rangahau puia, me ngā rangahautanga o ngā hanganga whenua ā-rohe. Ka whakamahia ngā inenga mā te whakamahi i ngā aukume ka taea te tāuta ki runga i te whenua, i te rangi (papa aukume hau), i raro rānei i te wai. Ka tukatukahia ngā raraunga aukume hei tautuhi i te aroaro o ngā tinana konganuku whanariki me ētahi atu hanganga whenua nui.
3. Te Āhuatanga o te Kaha
Ka whakamahia ngā inenga taumaha hei kite i ngā rerekētanga mātotoru i roto i ngā toka o raro i te mata. Ko tēnei tikanga e ahu mai ana i te mātāpono e rerekē ana te papa taumaha o te Ao i runga i te tohatoha o te papatipu toka i raro i te mata. Ka kitea ngā rerekētanga taumaha mā te whakamahi i ngā mita taumaha tino tairongo i te mara, kātahi ka tātarihia hei whakarato mōhiohio mō te hanganga whenua me te tauira o raro i te mata. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia tēnei tikanga mō te tūhuratanga warowaihā, ngā rangahau whenua, me ngā rangahau mō te hanganga kiripaka o te Ao.
4. Ātete-ā-whenua (Geo-electricity)
Ko te hiko whenua, te ātete rānei, he tikanga e ine ana i te ātete hiko o ngā toka o raro i te mata. Mā te tuku i te iahiko hiko mā roto i ngā irahiko kua whakauruhia ki roto i te whenua, ka ine i te rerekētanga pūmanawa i waenganui i a rātou. Ka tukatukahia ngā raraunga ātete kua riro mai hei whakaputa i ngā whakaahua rūpahu e whakaatu ana i ngā rerekētanga o te ātete o raro i te mata. He tino whai hua tēnei tikanga i roto i te tūhuratanga wai whenua, ngā rangahau poke oneone, me te mahere i ngā hanganga whenua tata ki te mata.
5. Hikohiko
Ka whakamahia e ngā tikanga hiko aukume ngā rerekētanga o ngā āhuatanga hiko aukume hei mahere i ngā hanganga o raro i te mata. I roto i ngā rangahau hiko aukume, ka tukuna ngā mara hiko aukume, ā, ka inehia te urupare a ngā toka o raro i te mata. Ko ngā tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko ngā tikanga Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) me Magnetotellurics (MT). Kātahi ka whakamāramahia ngā raraunga ka riro mai hei tautuhi i ngā paparanga toka me ngā momo kawe hiko, hei āwhina i te tūhuratanga kohuke me te ako i ngā hanganga whenua.
Ngā Wāhanga Whakatauira o raro i te Mata
1. Te Kohikohi Raraunga
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi i roto i te whakatauira o raro i te mata ko te kohikohi raraunga mai i te mara. Ka taea ēnei raraunga te ine i te whenua, te aukume, te kaha ā-papa, te hiko whenua rānei, i riro mai i ngā rangahau mara mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu ā-papa e tika ana.
2. Te Tukatuka Raraunga
Kātahi ka tukatukahia ngā raraunga mata i kohia mai i te parae hei tango i te haruru me te whiwhi mōhiohio mārama ake. Hei tauira, ko te tukatuka raraunga rū whenua e uru ana ki ngā tukanga pēnei i te tātari, te whakarārangi, me te hekenga hei whiwhi i tētahi whakaahua pai ake o te hanganga o raro i te mata. Mō ngā raraunga aukume me te kaha ā-papa, ko te tukatuka raraunga kei roto ko te whakatikatika i te nekenekehanga, te whakatikatika i te whenua, me te wehewehe i ngā āhuatanga rerekē ā-rohe me ā-rohe.
3. Hurihanga Raraunga
Ko te hurihanga te tukanga o te huri i ngā raraunga ine ki roto i tētahi tauira o raro i te mata e whakaata ana i te tohatoha o ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana (pēnei i te tere o te ngaru ru, te kiato, te ātete rānei) o te toka. Ko te tukanga hurihanga te tikanga e uru ana ki te whakamahinga o ngā rauropi arotau me te whakatauira whakamua hei whakataurite i ngā raraunga ine ki ngā matapae a te tauira.
4. Whakamārama
Kātahi ka whakamāramahia ngā hua o te hurihanga raraunga e ngā tohunga whenua me ngā tohunga whenua kia pai ake ai te mārama ki te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o raro i te whenua. Kei roto i tēnei whakamārama ko te tautuhi i ngā āhuatanga whenua matua pērā i ngā hapa, ngā takai, ngā paparanga puna waiwaro, ngā puna wai, me ngā tinana kohuke.
5. Manatoko me te Whakamana Tauira
Me manatoko me te whakamana i te tauira hua mā te whakamahi i ētahi atu raraunga, i ētahi atu momo rangahau rānei, kia tika ai, kia ōrite ai hoki. I ētahi wā, ka whakamahia te keri tūhura hei manatoko i te tauira o raro i te mata i puta mai i ngā rangahau ā-whenua. Ka taea e ēnei raraunga keri te whakarato i ngā mōhiohio tika mō te momo toka, te pakeketanga, me ētahi atu āhuatanga ā-whenua ka taea te whakarite ki ngā hua o te tauira ā-whenua.
Ngā Painga me ngā Wero i roto i te Whakatauira o raro i te Mata
Te Whakamutunga
1. Kore-whakangaro: Kāore ngā tikanga ā-whenua e whakangaro, ā, ka taea te whakahaere i ngā rangahau me te kore e hiahiatia he keri, he keri rānei ka raru pea te taiao.
2. Te Whai Hua o te Utu: ki te whakaritea ki ngā tikanga keri tika, he iti ake te utu, he tere ake hoki ngā tikanga matawhenua ki te tiki mōhiohio tuatahi mō te mata o raro i te whenua.
3. Whānui te Kapinga: Mā ngā tikanga ā-whenua ka taea te rangahau i ngā wāhi whānui i roto i te wā poto, ka puta he pikitia whānui o ngā rauemi ā-whenua pea, ngā mōrearea rānei.
4. Raraunga Hōhonu: Ka taea e ētahi tikanga te whakarato mōhiohio mō ngā paparanga hōhonu rawa, he uaua ki te toro atu ki ēnei mea mā ngā tikanga tuku iho.
Wero
1. Taumira Iti: Kāore pea ētahi tikanga matawhenua e kaha ki te whakarato taumira teitei, inā koa i ngā hohonutanga nui.
2. Te Whakamārama i te Korekore: He maha ngā wā he korekore ngā raraunga ā-whenua, ā, me āta whakamārama kia kore ai e hē te whakamārama.
3. Te Whakawhirinakitanga ki ngā Āhuatanga o te Papa Whenua: Ko te whai huatanga o ngā tikanga matawhenua e tino whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga o te papa whenua pēnei i te momo toka, te āhua o te whenua, me te aroaro o te haruru mai i ētahi atu pūtake (pēnei i te hanganga tangata).
Whakamutunga
He taputapu whai hua te whakatauira ā-papa whenua mō ngā momo ahumahi me te rangahau whenua. Mā te whakakotahi i ngā tikanga ā-papa whenua maha, ka taea e tātou te whiwhi i tētahi pikitia whānui mō te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o ngā toka whenua, he mea nui mō te tūhuratanga rauemi taiao, te whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga kino, me te whakahaere taiao. Heoi, ko te angitu o ēnei tauira e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kohikohi raraunga tika, te tukatuka tika, me te whakamaoritanga ngaio. I te haere tonu o te whanaketanga o te hangarau me ngā tikanga tātari, ko te heke mai o te whakatauira ā-papa whenua he mea kanapa ake, he mea whai hua ake.
