Tikanga Hikohiko Ā-Wā poto i roto i te Tūhuratanga Wai Whenua
Ko te hiahia tonu mō te wai ma, mō ngā whare, mō ngā mahi ahuwhenua, me ngā ahumahi, kei te akiaki i te hiahia ki te kimi i ngā puna wai whenua whai hua ake, whai kiko hoki. I roto i te maha o ngā rohe, inā koa ko ngā rohe e pāngia ana e te tauraki o te wā, e te iti rānei o ngā whatunga wai mata, ko te wai whenua te puna matua o te wai. Heoi, ehara i te mea ngāwari te kimi i ngā puna wai hua nā te mea ka rerekē rawa ngā āhuatanga whenua o raro i te mata. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi nui ai ngā tikanga matawhenua hei tikanga kore-whakangaro mō te "tirotiro" ki ngā hanganga o raro i te mata. Ko tētahi tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana, ā, kua whakamātauhia he whai hua mō te tūhuratanga wai whenua ko te Transient Electromagnetic Induction (TEM).
Ngā Ariā Taketake o te Tikanga TEM
Ko te tikanga TEM he tikanga ā-whenua hiko-aukume e whakamahi ana i te urupare a te whenua o raro ki ngā mara hiko e rerekē ana i te wā. He māmā noa te kaupapa: ka tukuna he iahiko mā roto i te koropiko tuku i runga i te mata hei whakaputa i tētahi mara aukume. Ina motuhia ohoreretia tēnei iahiko, ka hinga te mara aukume tuatahi, ka hangaia he ia aukume porowhita i roto i te Whenua. Kātahi ka whakaputahia e ēnei ia aukume he mara aukume tuarua ka pirau i roto i te wā.
Ka tuhia e te taputapu TEM te pirau o tēnei papa aukume tuarua mā te whakamahi i tētahi koiri kaiwhiwhi. Ko te mōhiohio tino nui mai i tēnei tuhi ko te tere, te puhoi rānei o te pirau o te tohu. Ka pāngia te pirau o te tohu e te ātete (te whakamuri rānei, te kawe hiko) o te rauemi o raro i te mata. Ko ngā rauemi kawe hiko nui ake (hei tauira, te uku, te wai whenua rānei he nui ake te tote) ka puta he urupare rerekē i ngā rauemi ātete (hei tauira, te onepu maroke, ētahi toka kiato rānei).
Te Ātete me tōna Hononga ki te Wai Whenua
I roto i te horopaki o te wai whenua, he tawhā matua te ātete ki te wai nā te mea he tino tairongo ki:
1. Te nui o te wai (te pūngao me te taumata mākū),
2. Te kounga o te wai (te tote, te nui rānei o te katote rewa),
3. Te momo o te hanganga o te kohatu (onepu, kirikiri, uku, toka mura, me ētahi atu).
Ko ngā puna wai pai kei roto i ngā rauemi pūwero me te uruhanga wai pērā i te onepu, te kirikiri rānei. Mēnā he mākū ēnei puna wai i te wai māori, ka taea e rātou te ātete ki te āhua teitei ki te whakataurite ki ngā paparanga uku, he nui ake te kawe wai (he iti te ātete). Heoi, he mea nui kia mahara ka taea e te wai whenua parakore, tote rānei te whakaiti i te ātete, nō reira me whai whakaaro tonu ki ngā āhuatanga wai whenua o te rohe i roto i te whakamaoritanga.
Ngā Wāhanga me te Whirihoranga o te Rangahau TEM
Ko te tikanga, ko te rangahau TEM e whai wāhi ana ki:
– He porowhita tuku i te āhua o te tapawhā, o te porowhita rānei kua whakatakotoria ki runga i te whenua,
– Pūtake hiko me te kaiwhakahaere au hei whakaputa i ngā pātere au,
– Pūoko kaiwhiwhi (kōiri) hei hopu i te urupare pirau o te mara,
– Te waeine kohikohi raraunga hei penapena me te whakaatu i ngā kōpiko pirau kua inehia.
He maha ngā whirihoranga noa, pērā i:
– Porowhita pokapū: kei waenganui o te porowhita tuku te kaiwhiwhi. He rongonui tēnei whirihoranga nā te mea he whai hua, ā, he pai te aro ki ngā rerekētanga ātete poutū.
– Porowhita taurite: kei tētahi tawhiti te kaiwhiwhi mai i te porowhita tuku kia taea ai e ia te tāpiri i ngā mōhiohio taha me te āwhina ki te mahere i ētahi hanganga.
Ko te hohonutanga o tētahi rangahau TEM e whakawhirinaki ana ki te rahi o te porowhita, te kaha o te ia, me te wā ine. Ko te nui ake o te porowhita, ko te kaha ake hoki o te ia, ko te hohonu ake o te ūnga ka taea te tirotiro. Mō te tūhuratanga wai whenua, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te TEM i ngā hohonutanga o te tekau ki te rau mita, i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te mara.
Ngā Wāhanga Whakatinanatanga Rangahau
I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakahaerehia ngā rangahau TEM mō te wai whenua i roto i ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei:
1. Te rangahau me te whakamahere tuatahi
Kohia ngā mōhiohio matawhenua me te waiwhenua, ngā mahere whenua, ngā raraunga puna o nāianei, me ngā whāinga rangahau (hei tauira, mēnā me rapu ngā puna wai papaku, hohonu rānei). Mā tēnei wāhanga ka whakatauhia te hoahoa o te ara ine me te kiato o ngā pūwāhi.
2. Te kohikohi raraunga mara
Ka tāutahia te koropiko kia rite ki te mahere, kātahi ka inehia te pirau tohu i roto i tētahi wā kua tohua (wā kati). Ko te tikanga ka kohia ngā raraunga i ngā wā katoa (whakarārangi) hei whakapai ake i te ōwehenga tohu-ki-haruru.
3. Te tukatuka raraunga
Kei roto i te tukatuka te tātari haruru, te whakatikatika taputapu, me ngā tirotiro kounga raraunga. Ko te hua tuatahi he kōpiko hekenga ngaohiko ki te wā.
4. Te hurihanga me te whakamaoritanga
Ka hurihia te pihi raraunga TEM hei tauira ātete o raro i te mata mā te tukanga hurihanga (1D, 2D, 3D rānei). Mai i tēnei tauira ātete, ka hurihia te kaiwhakamāori tautuhia ngā paparanga wai ka taea, ngā awaawa whenua, me ngā rohe me ngā hanganga lithological pērā i ngā hapa.
Ngā Painga o te TEM mō te Tūhuratanga Wai Whenua
He maha ngā painga o te tikanga TEM e whakamīharo ana i roto i te tūhuratanga waiwhenua:
1. Tairongo ki te kawe hiko
He tino pai te TEM mō te wehewehe i ngā paparanga ara iahiko me ngā paparanga ātete, ā, he mea whai hua ki te tautuhi i ngā paparanga uku (ārai i te uruhanga wai) e mahi pinepine ana hei rohe mō ngā puna wai.
2. Ka taea te toro atu ki ngā hohonutanga nui
Ki te whakatauritea ki ētahi tikanga hiko whenua, ka taea e te TEM te whakarato mōhiohio ki ngā hōhonutanga nui me te kore e hiahiatia he hiko kua whakatōkia.
3. Tere me te whai hua
He tere te ine, inā koa mō ngā wāhi whānui. Mā tēnei ka tere ake te whakatau i te wāhi e keria ai te poka.
4. Te kore e pā tika ki te whenua
He rerekē ki te tikanga ātete DC e hiahia ana kia pā te hikohiko ki te whenua, he ngāwari ake te TEM i roto i ētahi āhuatanga mata (hei tauira, te whenua toka, te whenua maroke rānei), ahakoa kei te mau tonu ngā wero whakahaere.
5. He pai mō te mahere i ngā puna wai me te urunga mai o te wai moana
I ngā takutai moana, ka whakamahia te TEM hei tohu i ngā rohe urutomo wai tote, nā te mea he tino kawe hiko te wai tote, nō reira he mārama te rerekētanga o te ātete.
Ngā Here me ngā Wero o te Whakamārama
Ahakoa he tino whai hua, he iti anō hoki ngā herenga o te TEM me mārama:
1. Te koretake o te āhua o te whenua
Ehara i te mea ahurei te ātete. Ka taea e ngā paparanga uku me ngā puna wai tote te kawe hiko. Nō reira, me whakakotahi te TEM me ngā raraunga whenua, ngā raraunga puna, me ētahi atu tikanga rānei.
2. Haruru hikohiko
Ka taea e ngā pūtake whakararuraru pēnei i ngā raina hiko, ngā taiapa hiko, ngā hanganga whakarewa rānei te whakanui ake i te haruru ki ngā raraunga. Me whai tikanga whakamahere ine me te whakarārangi i ngā raraunga hei whakatika i tēnei.
3. Taumira papaku, taumira hōhonu rānei
He tino pai te TEM mō ētahi hōhonutanga, engari ko te taumira i ngā paparanga pāpaku he iti ake te taipitopito i ētahi wā i ngā tikanga pēnei i te GPR, i te ātete pāpaku rānei, i runga i ngā tawhā hopu me ngā āhuatanga o te mara.
4. Pānga 3D
I ngā wāhi he nui ngā rerekētanga taha (hei tauira, tata ki ngā hapa, ngā huringa koi rānei o te āhua o te whenua), kāore pea i te tino tika ngā whakaaro hurihanga 1D. He mea nui ngā rangahau 2D/3D me te whakamārama tupato.
Te Whakamahinga Whaihua i roto i te Whakatau i te Taunga o te Puna
I roto i ngā kaupapa tūhuratanga wai whenua, ka whakamahia te TEM ki:
– Whakatauhia te matotoru o te paparanga uhi uku,
– Tāutuhia ngā rohe onepu/kirikiri kua mākūkū i te wai,
– Te mahere i ngā rohe o ngā toka papa, o ngā rohe huarere rānei,
– Te kimi i te urunga mai o te wai tote ki te takutai,
– Whakatauhia te hohonutanga e hiahiatia ana me te wā tirotiro o te poka i keria.
Mā te whakakotahi i te tauira ātete i whiwhi mai i te TEM me ngā mōhiohio waiwhenua, i taea e te tīma te whiriwhiri i ngā wāhi keri he nui ake te tūponotanga o te angitu. Nā tēnei i whakaiti i te mōrearea o te keri i tētahi puna "maroke" i tētahi puna iti te rere rānei.
Te Katinga
He taputapu whai hua te tikanga Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) i roto i te tūhuratanga wai whenua nā tōna kaha ki te mahere tere me te whai hua i ngā rerekētanga ātete o raro i te mata. Mā te mārama ki ngā mātāpono o te pirau o te mara hikohiko me tōna whanaungatanga ki te kawe wai toka me te wai, ka taea e te TEM te āwhina ki te tautuhi i ngā puna wai, ngā papa whenua, tae atu ki ngā take kounga wai pērā i te urunga tote. Heoi, me tūpato tonu te whakamaoritanga o te TEM nā te mea ka pāngia te ātete e ngā āhuatanga maha. Mā te whakakotahi i te TEM me ngā raraunga whenua, ngā tirohanga mara, me ngā raraunga puna ka hua ake he whakatau keri tika ake, he whai hua ake, he pumau ake hoki i roto i te whakahaere rauemi wai whenua.
