Te Pūtea Sharia me ngā Taputapu e Pā Ana: He Tirohanga Whānui
I roto i te ao pūtea o te ao, kua ara ake te pūtea Sharia hei rāngai e whai pūtake ana ki ngā tikanga matatika, ā, e tere tipu haere ana. E tohu ana i ngā mahi pūtea e rite ana ki te ture Ihirama (Sharia), e ārahi ana i ngā whenua he nui ngā Muslim engari e whiwhi ana hoki i te rongonui puta noa i te ao i waenga i ngā taupori kanorau. I runga i te uaua o te whakakotahi i ngā whakaakoranga whakapono me ngā mahi ōhanga hou, ka whakauruhia e te pūtea Sharia he maha o ngā taputapu ahurei me ngā momo tauwhitinga. Ka rukuhia whānuitia e tēnei tuhinga te pūtea Sharia, ōna mātāpono, me ngā taputapu e pā ana.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Pūtea Sharia
E whakahaerehia ana te pūtea Sharia i raro i ētahi mātāpono matua e ahu mai ana i te ture Ihirama:
1. Te Ārai i te Huamoni (Riba): Ko tētahi o ngā kaupapa matua ko te ārai i te huamoni, e taea ana te whakamaori whānuitia hei huamoni, hei moni whakatupu rānei. Kāore te pūtea Ihirama e ārai i te whiwhi hua mā te huamoni i runga i ngā nama, e whakaaro ana he mahi tukino.
2. Te Tiritiri Mōrearea: Engari ko te pūtea Sharia te kaupapa matua o te tiritiri hua me te mate, ko te pūtea Sharia te kaupapa matua o te tiritiri hua me te mate. Me tiritiri ngā taha e rua i roto i tētahi tauwhitinga pūtea i ngā mōrearea me ngā hua.
3. Te Ārai i te Whakaaro Tauhokohoko (Gharar): Kāore e whakaaetia te nui rawa o te koretake, te whakaaro tauhokohoko rānei e rite ana ki te petipeti. Me tautoko ngā haumitanga e ngā rawa tūturu, kia mārama ai, kia karohia ai hoki ngā kirimana koretake.
4. Ngā Hāumitanga Matatika: Me whakatairanga ngā haumitanga i te tika pāpori, me te tautoko i ngā ahumahi e whai wāhi pai ana ki te hapori. Kua rāhuitia ngā mahi e pā ana ki te waipiro, te petipeti, te poaka, me ētahi atu ahumahi haram (kua rāhuitia).
5. Tautoko rawa: Me tautoko ngā tauwhitinga pūtea e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga Sharia e ngā rawa tūturu, ngā ratonga rānei, kia mau ai te uara ōhanga tūturu ki ngā mahi pūtea.
Ngā Taputapu Pūtea Matua e Tutuki ana i te Sharia
He maha ngā momo taputapu e whakamahia ana e te pūtea Sharia, ia taputapu i hangaia kia tutuki i te ture Ihirama, me te whakarato hoki i ngā hua ōhanga whai hua. Anei tētahi tirohanga whānui mō ētahi taputapu Sharia rongonui:
1. Murabaha (Cost-Plus Financing)
Ko te murabaha he hoko taonga i te utu e whakaaetia ana e ngā taha e rua. I roto i tēnei hanganga, ka hokona e te peeke ngā taonga ka hokona atu ki te kaihoko i te utu kua piki ake, ka utua i roto i ngā wāhanga. Ahakoa he rite ki te nama, he rerekē te murabaha nā te mea he tauwhitinga hoko, ehara i te nama e kohi huamoni ana.
2. Mudarabah (Te Tiritiri Hua)
He hononga mahi tahi a Mudarabah, ko tētahi taha e whakarato ana i te whakapaipai, ko tētahi e tuku ana i te tohungatanga me te whakahaere. Ka tohaina ngā hua ka puta i runga i ngā ōwehenga kua whakaaetia i mua, engari ko ngā mate ka pikaua e te kaiwhakarato whakapaipai anake, e whakaata ana i te mātāpono o te tiritiri mōrearea. He mea tino noa tēnei taputapu i roto i ngā pūtea haumi me ngā pūtea kaupapa.
3. Musharakah (Hononga Ngātahi)
I roto i te whakaaetanga Musharakah, ka koha ngā hoa mahi katoa i te whakapaipai, ā, ka tohatoha ōwehenga i ngā hua me ngā mate. Ka whakatairangahia e tēnei tauira mahi tahi te kawenga tahi, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te pūtea kaupapa me ngā mahi pakihi. Ka whakanuia te haumi tahi me te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea mā roto i ngā hea tahi.
4. Ijara (Rīhi)
Ko te Ijara e pā ana ki ngā whakaaetanga rīhi e hokona ana e te peeke tētahi rawa ki tētahi kiritaki mō tētahi wā kua whakaritea me te utu rīhi. Ka noho tonu te mana o te rawa ki te kaituku rīhi, ā, ka whiwhi te kairihi i ngā mana whakamahi. Mā ngā kōwhiringa pēnei i te Ijara-wa-iqtina ka taea ngā kaupapa rīhi-ki-te-tangata, ka māmā ake te hoko rawa i roto i te wā.
5. Sukuk (Here Ihirama)
Ko ngā sukuk he tiwhikete pūtea e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga Sharia, he rite ki ngā here i roto i ngā pūtea tuku iho, engari he mea hanga kia kore ai e huamoni. Engari ko te sukuk he tohu mō te mana pupuri i ngā rawa tūturu, ngā hua o te whakamahi, ngā umanga haumi rānei. Ko ngā hokinga mai ka ahu mai i te mahi rawa, ngā hua mai i ngā umanga matua, ngā moni reti rānei, e hangai ana ki ngā mātāpono tautoko rawa.
6. Takaful (Inihuara Ihirama)
He huarahi kē atu te Takaful i te inihua tuku iho, he mea hanga ki te mahi tahi me te tiritiri mōrearea. Ka takoha ngā kaipupuri kaupapa here ki tētahi pūtea kua whakaemihia hei utu i ngā mate, i ngā kino rānei o tētahi mema. Ko ngā moni tāpiri i muri i ngā kereme me ngā whakapaunga ka tohaina ki waenga i ngā kaituku takoha, ka whakamahia rānei mō ngā kaupapa atawhai, kia pai ai te whakahaere mōrearea matatika me te hapori.
Ngā Pānga me ngā Wero o te Ao
Kua kitea te tipu tere o te mākete pūtea Sharia o te ao, e horapa ana ki tua atu i te Middle East me te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia ki Ūropi, Āwherika, me Amerika Te Raki. He maha ngā āhuatanga e akiaki ana i tēnei tipu:
1. Te Hiahia mō te Pūtea Matatika: Ko te pikinga ake o te hiahia mō te haumi matatika me te haepapa kua kukume mai i ngā kaipupuri moni Muhirama me ngā tāngata ehara i te Muhirama e rapu ana i ngā otinga pūtea haepapa pāpori.
2. Te Pūmautanga me te Manawanui: Ko te aukati a te pūtea Sharia i te whakaaroaro me te aro nui ki te tautoko rawa me te tiritiri mōrearea ka whai wāhi ki te pumau me te manawanui pūtea, ka kukume i ngā kaipupuri moni e rapu ana i ngā haumitanga pakari, e whakahaeretia ana te mōrearea.
3. Tautoko a te Kāwanatanga: Kei te whakatairangahia e ngā kāwanatanga me ngā whakahaere ture te tipu o te pūtea Ihirama mā roto i ngā kaupapa here tautoko, ngā whakatenatena taake, me te whakatūnga o ngā anga e tutuki ana i ngā ture Sharia.
Heoi, he nui ngā wero kei mua i te rāngai pūtea Sharia:
1. Te Rerekētanga o ngā Ture: Ko ngā whakamaoritanga rerekē o te ture Sharia puta noa i ngā rohe ka arahi ki te rerekētanga o ngā ture, ka uaua ai ngā whakawhitiwhitinga whakawhiti-rohe me ngā mahi whakapūmau.
2. Te Iti o te Mōhiotanga me te Tohungatanga: Ko te korenga o ngā tohunga ngaio e mōhio ana ki te ture Sharia me te pūtea hou ka whakawhāiti i te tipu o te umanga. He mea nui ngā kaupapa mātauranga me te whakangungu whakarei ake.
3. Te Whakahaere Wairewa: Kei te pāngia ngā umanga pūtea Ihirama e ngā wero i roto i te whakahaere wairewa nā te mea he here kei runga i ngā taputapu whai huamoni. He mea nui te whakawhanake i ngā otinga wairewa e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga Sharia.
4. Te Whakawhanaketanga Hua: He mea nui te auahatanga tonu hei waihanga i ngā hua pūtea kanorau, whakataetae hoki e tutuki ai ngā hiahia o te mākete e whanake haere ana, me te piri tonu ki ngā mātāpono Sharia.
Opaniraa
Ko te pūtea Sharia e tū ana i te huihuinga o ngā mātāpono whakapono tuku iho me te auahatanga pūtea o nāianei. Mā te whakanui i te haumi matatika, te tautoko rawa, me te tiritiri mōrearea, ka tukuna he tauira pūtea rerekē e whakatairanga ana i te tipu ōhanga whānui me te pumau. He mea nui te mārama ki ōna mātāpono me āna taputapu hei whakamahi i tōna pūmanawa katoa me te aro atu ki ōna wero. I te whanaketanga tonu o te pūnaha pūtea o te ao, kāore e kore ka whai wāhi nui te pūtea Sharia ki te hanga i tētahi heke mai pūtea matatika me te pakari.
