Te Mahi a ngā Paturopi: Te Mārama ki te Pakanga o ngā Moroiti mō te Hauora Tangata
Ko ngā paturopi he matū e whakamahia ana hei patu, hei aukati rānei i te tipu o ngā huakita e mate ai te tangata me ngā kararehe. Ahakoa he patu kaha ngā paturopi i roto i te rongoā hou, he mea nui kia mārama ki tā rātou mahi me ngā wero e pā ana ki tā rātou whakamahinga. Ko te whāinga o tēnei tuhinga he whakamārama i ngā tikanga kei muri i te mahi a te paturopi, ngā momo paturopi rerekē, me te take nui o te ātete ki te paturopi.
He Kupu Whakataki ki ngā Paturopi
I kitea tuatahitia ngā paturopi e Alexander Fleming i te tau 1928 i tana kitenga i te harore Penicillium notatum e whakaputa ana i tētahi matū ka taea te patu i ngā huakita Staphylococcus aureus. Nā tēnei kitenga i whakatakoto te ara mō te whanaketanga o te tini o ngā paturopi kua whakaora i te miriona o ngā oranga mai i tōna whakaurunga mai.
I te nuinga o te wā, ka wehea ngā paturopi ki ngā wāhanga e rua i runga i te whānuitanga o ā rātou mahi: te whānuitanga whaiti me te whānuitanga whānui. He whai hua ngā paturopi whānuitanga whaiti ki ngā momo huakita motuhake, engari ka taea e ngā paturopi whānuitanga whānui te whawhai ki te whānuitanga o ngā huakita.
Te Tikanga Mahi a ngā Paturopi
Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā tikanga mahi a ngā paturopi ki ētahi wāhanga matua e ai ki ō rātou whāinga me ā rātou mahi ki ngā huakita:
1. Whakararuraru i te Hanganga o te Pakitara Pūtau Kitakita
He hanganga nui te pakitara pūtau kitakita e whakarato ana i te āhua me te kaha ā-pūnaha ki ngā kitakita. Ka mahi ngā paturopi pērā i te penicillin mā te whakararuraru i te hanganga o tēnei pakitara pūtau.
Ka ārai te penicillin i tētahi whākōkī e mōhiotia ana ko te transpeptidase, e whai wāhi ana ki te hanganga o ngā hononga whakawhiti i roto i te peptidoglycan, te wāhanga matua o ngā pakitara pūtau kitakita. Ina whakararuraruhia te hanganga pakitara pūtau, kāore e taea e ngā kitakita te ora i ngā āhuatanga osmotic, ā, ka mate i te mutunga.
Haunga te penicillin, kei reira anō ētahi atu paturopi he rite ngā tikanga mahi, pērā i ngā cephalosporins me ngā carbapenems.
2. Ka whakararuraru i te Hanganga Pūmua
E hiahiatia ana e ngā huakita he pūmua mō ngā momo mahi nui, mai i te tāruaruatanga o te DNA ki te pākia o te tinana. Ka mahi tēnei momo paturopi mā te herea ki ngā ribosome huakita, arā, te mīhini ngota e kawenga ana mō te hanga pūmua.
E rua ngā waeine o ngā ribosome huakita: 30S me 50S. Ka herea ngā paturopi pērā i te tetracycline ki te waeine 30S, ā, ka ārai i te herenga o te aminoacyl-tRNA ki te ribosome, ka aukati i te hanganga pūmua. I taua wā, ka herea ngā paturopi pērā i te erythromycin me te chloramphenicol ki te waeine 50S, ā, ka aukati i te transpeptidation, te translocation rānei, i roto i te hanganga pūmua.
3. Ka whakararuraru i te Hanga Waikawa Karihi
Ko te mahi a ētahi paturopi mā te aukati i te tāruarua, te tuhi rānei i te DNA huakita. Ko ngā fluoroquinolones, pērā i te ciprofloxacin, ka aukati i ngā whākōkī DNA gyrase me te topoisomerase IV, e āwhina ana i te tukanga o te DNA supercoiling, he mea nui mō te tāruarua DNA. Ina aukatia ēnei mahi, kāore e taea e ngā huakita te tāruarua i ō rātou DNA, ā, ka mate i te mutunga.
Ko ētahi atu paturopi, pērā i te rifampicin, ka aukati i te RNA polymerase, te whākōkī e kawenga ana mō te whakawhiti i te DNA ki te RNA. Ka whakararuraru tēnei i te hanganga RNA, ā, ko te mutunga iho, ka ārai i te tukatuka pūmua whai hua.
4. Whakararuraru i te Mahi a ngā Kirihou Pūtau Huakita
Ko te whakawhirinakitanga o ngā huakita ki te kiriuhi pūtau hei ārai i waenga i ngā taiao o waho me ngā taiao o roto ka whakatuwhera i te ara mō ngā paturopi e aro ana ki tēnei hanganga. Hei tauira, ko te Polymyxin B; ka herea tēnei paturopi ki ngā lipopolysaccharides i roto i te kiriuhi o waho o ngā huakita Gram-negative, ā, ka puta he urunga ki roto i te kiriuhi, ā, ka mate ngā huakita i te mutunga.
5. Ārai i te Pūnaha Whakaora o ngā Huakita Matua
Ka aro atu ētahi paturopi ki ngā ara matūkai nui e pā ana ki ngā huakita. Hei tauira, ka aukatihia e ngā sulfonamides te hanga o te waikawa folic, he mea e tika ana mō te hanga nucleotide me te waikawa amino. Ki te kore he waikawa folic, kāore e ora ngā huakita.
Ngā Paturopi me te Ātete
I te taha o te whakamahinga whānui o ngā paturopi, kua puta ake tētahi raruraru nui: te ātete ki ngā paturopi. Kei ngā huakita te kaha urutau ki te whakawhanake i ngā tikanga ātete ki ngā paturopi mā roto i ngā tikanga maha, pēnei i:
– Ngā Huringa Ira: Ngā huringa i te taumata DNA e whakarerekē ana i te whāinga o te paturopi i roto i ngā huakita. Hei tauira, ko ngā whakarerekētanga ira e whakarerekē ana i te hanganga o te pae here i runga i te ribosome ka ārai i te here o te paturopi.
– Whakawhiti Ira Whakapae: Ka taea e ngā huakita te whiwhi i ngā ira ātete mai i ētahi atu huakita mā te whakawhiti, te whakawhiti ira, te hononga rānei. He maha ngā wā ka kitea ngā ira ātete i runga i ngā plasmid, ka taea te whakawhiti i waenga i ngā huakita.
– Ngā Huringa o te Āheinga o te Kiriuhi: Ka taea e ngā huakita te whakaiti i te āheinga o ō rātou kiriuhi ki ngā paturopi, ka whakawhanake rānei i ngā papu whakaputa hei pana i ngā paturopi ki waho o te pūtau.
Ko te hanganga o te ātete ki ngā paturopi me whai huarahi whakauru mai i ngā kaupapa here whakamahinga paturopi whakaaro nui, te whakawhanaketanga o ngā paturopi hou, tae atu ki te whakaakoranga tūmatanui mō te whakamahinga paturopi.
Whakamutunga
He taputapu nui ngā paturopi i roto i te rongoā, ā, kua huri i te huarahi e rongoā ai tātou i ngā mate kitakita. He maha ngā tikanga e whakamahia ana e rātou, mai i te whakararuraru i te hanganga o ngā pakitara pūtau kitakita ki te aukati i te hanganga pūmua. Heoi, i te putanga mai o te ātete ki ngā paturopi, kei te tipu haere ngā wero e pā ana ki a tātou. He mea nui te mōhiotanga me te mōhiotanga ki te mahi a ngā paturopi me ngā mahi ārai ātete kia mau tonu ai te whai huatanga ki ngā mate kitakita ā muri ake nei. Ko te whakamahi i ngā paturopi me te whai i ngā tohutohu hauora he mahi nui ka taea e te tangata katoa te mahi hei tiaki i te hauora o te ao.
