Ngā Kaupapa Taketake o te Rongoā
Ko te rongoā he peka o te koiora e ako ana i ngā rongoā me ō rātou pānga ki ngā mea ora. Kei roto i tēnei pūtaiao te mōhiotanga ki ngā pūtake, ngā āhuatanga matū, ngā pānga koiora, ngā tikanga mahi, te mimiti, te tohatoha, te pākia o te tinana, me te tukunga atu o ngā rongoā. I roto i te ao hauora, he mea nui te rongoā e kore e taea te wehe atu i ngā mahi hauora o ia rā, nā te mea ka āwhina i ngā tākuta me ngā kaimahi hauora ki te whakarato i te rongoā whai hua me te haumaru mō ngā tūroro.
1. He Hītori Poto o te Rongoā
He roa te hītori o te rongoā, ā, kua tino matatau haere i te whanaketanga o te mātauranga tangata. I ngā wā o mua, i whakamahia e ngā tāngata o mua ngā tipu, ngā kohuke, me ngā kararehe hei rongoā. I tuhia e ngā iwi o mua pērā i a Īhipa, Haina, Īnia, me Kariki te whakamahinga o ngā momo matū taiao hei rongoā.
I te rautau 19, ka tīmata te whanaketanga o te rongoā hei pūtaiao hanganga ake. Ko te nuinga o tēnei ahunga whakamua i ahu mai i ngā whanaketanga o te matū me te mahi ā-tinana. He mahi nui tā ngā kaipūtaiao pērā i a François Magendie, Claude Bernard, me Rudolf Buchheim i whakatakoto i te turanga mō te rongoā hou.
2. Ngā Pūtaiao me ngā Pūtaiao
E rua ngā kaupapa matua o te rongoā matū, arā, ko te rongoā matū me te rongoā matū.
1. Pharmacodynamics: Koinei te ako i te pānga o ngā rongoā ki te tinana. Ka whakamāramahia e Pharmacodynamics ngā tikanga mahi a te rongoā i ngā taumata ngota, kiko, me te okana. Kei roto i tēnei tukanga ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā ngota rongoā me ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi pūtau, kātahi ka puta he urupare ā-tinana. Hei tauira, ka mahi ngā aukati whākōkī pēnei i ngā aukati ACE mā te aukati i te mahi a ngā whākōkī me te whakaheke i te toto toto.
2. Pharmacokinetics: Koinei te ako mō te tukatuka a te tinana i ngā rongoā, tae atu ki ngā tukanga mimiti, tohatoha, pākia, me te tukunga (ADME). Mā te Pharmacokinetics tātou e āwhina ki te mārama ki te roa o te pānga o te rongoā ki roto i te tinana, me pēhea hoki te tuku i te horopeta tika. Hei tauira, ko ngā rongoā ka tere te pākia e te ate, me nui ake te horopeta, me nui ake rānei te tukunga i ngā rongoā ka pōturi te pākia.
3. Ngā Kaiwhakawhiwhi me te Tikanga Mahi a te Rongoā
Ko ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi he pūmua i roto i te tinana e herea ana ki ngā rongoā, e whakahaere ana hoki i ō rātou pānga rongoā. Ka kitea pea ēnei kaiwhakawhiwhi i runga i te mata o te pūtau, i roto rānei i te pūtau. He maha ngā momo kaiwhakawhiwhi, tae atu ki:
1. Ngā Kaiwhakawhiwhi Hononga Pūmua-G (GPCR): Ka honoa ēnei kaiwhakawhiwhi ki ngā pūmua-G i roto i te kiriuhi pūtau, ā, ka whakaoho i ngā ara tohu rerekē i roto i te pūtau. Hei tauira, ko te kaiwhakawhiwhi adrenergic e aro ana ki te epinephrine.
2. Ngā Kaiwhiwhi Hongere Ātiora: Ka whakahaere ēnei kaiwhiwhi i te rere o ngā ātiora puta noa i ngā kiriuhi pūtau. Hei tauira, ka mahi a Loratadine ki te kaiwhiwhi histamine H1, e pā ana ki ngā hongere ātiora.
3. Ngā Kaiwhakawhiwhi Tyrosine Kinase: Koinei ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi e mahi ana hei whakahaere i te tipu pūtau me te tohu pākia. Hei tauira, ko te kaiwhakawhiwhi insulin.
4. Ngā Kaiwhakawhiwhi o Roto i te Pūtau: Kei roto i te pūtake pūtau ēnei kaiwhakawhiwhi, ā, ka awe i te whakaaturanga ira. Hei tauira, ko te kaiwhakawhiwhi homoni steroid.
4. Te mimiti i te rongoā
Ko te mimiti rongoā te tukanga e uru ai te rongoā ki roto i te toto mai i te wāhi i tukuna ai. He maha ngā huarahi e tukuna ai te rongoā, tae atu ki te waha, te werohanga ā-uaua, te werohanga ā-roto, te werohanga ā-kiri, te werohanga ā-waha, te werohanga ā-waha, me ētahi atu. He painga me he ngoikoretanga o ia huarahi e pā ana ki te tere mimiti me te whai huatanga.
1. Mā te waha: Ko te huarahi tino noa o te hoatutanga nā te mea he ngāwari, he ngāwari hoki. Heoi, ko ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te pH o te puku, te nekenekehanga o te puku, me te aroaro o te kai ka pā ki te mimiti.
2. Ā-uaua (IV): Ka tukuna tika te rongoā ki roto i te toto, ka tere ai te mahi me te whakahaere tika i te horopeta.
3. I roto i ngā uaua (IM) me te I raro i te kiri (SC): Ka whakarato i te ngāwari o te wā tīmatanga, he puhoi ake i te IV engari he tere ake i te waha.
4. Manawa me te Whakawhiti Kiri: E whakamahia ana mō ngā rongoā e hiahia ana kia tere te mimiti mā roto i ngā pukahukahu, i te kiri rānei.
5. Te Tohatoha Rongoā
Ko te tohatoha rongoā e whakaahua ana i te tohatoha o te rongoā puta noa i te tinana, tae atu ki te tohatoha ki ngā kiko me ngā whekau e whai pānga ana. Ka pāngia tēnei e ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te rere o te toto, te urunga o te kiriuhi, me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, ā-matū hoki o te rongoā. Ko te rahinga tohatoha he tawhā e whakamahia ana hei whakaahua i te tohatoha rongoā i roto i te tinana. Ka hoatu he tohu mō te nui o te rongoā e tohatohahia ana ki ngā kiko, me te toenga ki roto i te toto toto.
6. Te Pūnaha Whakaora i te Tarukino
Ko te pākia o te tinana he tukanga matū koiora e huri ai ngā matū rongoā ki ngā āhua e ngāwari ake ai te puta. Ko te nuinga o te pākia o te rongoā ka puta i roto i te ate mā roto i ngā whākōkī pērā i te cytochrome P450 (CYP). Ka taea e te pākia o te tinana te whakanui ake, te whakaiti rānei i te mahi rongoā a te rongoā. Hei tauira, ka pākia te codeine ki te morphine, koinei te āhua hohe o te rongoā. Ka taea e ngā āhuatanga ira, ngā taunekeneke rongoā, me te āhua hauora o te tūroro te awe i te pākia o te rongoā.
7. Te Whakaputa i te Tarukino
Ko te tukunga rongoā ko te tukanga tango i ngā rongoā me ngā matū matū mai i te tinana, ko te nuinga o te wā ka mahia e ngā whatukuhu mā te mimi. Haunga ngā whatukuhu, he mahi anō tā te ate, ngā pukahukahu, te kiri, me te ara kai i roto i te tukunga rongoā. Ka pā te tere o te tukunga ki te roa me te kaha o ngā pānga o te rongoā, ā, he mea nui tēnei hei whakaaroaro mā te hanga i tētahi tikanga horopeta.
8. Te Toxicology Rongoā
Ko te Toxicology te ako i ngā pānga kino o ngā matū matū, tae atu ki ngā rongoā. Ka puta ake ngā paitini i te nui rawa o te horopeta, ngā mate pāwera, ngā taunekeneke rongoā, ngā pānga taha kāore e hiahiatia. Ko te aromatawai haumaru rongoā he whakamātautau haumanu me ngā whakamātautau haumanu pakari kia tino nui ake ai ngā painga rongoā i ngā mōrearea pea.
9. Te Rongoā-mate
Ko te Pharmacogenomics te ako i te pānga o ngā rerekētanga ira takitahi ki te urupare a te tangata ki te rongoā. Mā te mārama ki te ira o te tūroro, ka taea te whakarite i te rongoā kia pai ai ngā putanga me te iti o te mōrearea o ngā pānga taha. He wāhanga tere te whanaketanga o tēnei i roto i te pharmacology, e tuku ana i te kaha ki te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga me te haumaru o te maimoatanga.
Whakamutunga
He whānui te mara o te rongoā, e kapi ana i ngā āhuatanga maha, mai i te kitenga me te whakawhanaketanga o ngā rongoā ki te whakahaere haumanu me te aromatawai i ngā pānga rongoā, tae atu ki te paitini. He mea nui te māramatanga hōhonu ki ngā kaupapa matua o te rongoā kia pai ai te whakamahinga haumaru me te whai hua o ngā rongoā i roto i te mahi hauora. Mā te rangahau tonu me te whanaketanga hangarau, ka whai wāhi tonu te rongoā ki te whakatairanga i te rongoā me te whakapai ake i te kounga o te oranga o te tangata.
