Te Phylogenetics Ngota i roto i te Whakarōpūtanga o ngā Mea Ora
Ko te whakarōpūtanga o ngā rauropi ko te mahi pūtaiao ki te whakarōpū i ngā mea ora i runga i ō rātou āhua ōrite me ō rātou rerekētanga. Mō ngā rautau, i whakawhirinaki te whakarōpūtanga ki ngā āhuatanga āhua - te āhua o te tinana, te hanganga okana, ngā tauira tae, me ētahi atu āhuatanga tinana e kitea ana. Heoi, nā ngā whanaketanga o te koiora ngota me te hangarau raupapatanga DNA kua huri te huarahi e mārama ai ngā kaipūtaiao ki ngā whanaungatanga o ngā rauropi. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi nui ai te phylogenetics ngota: he huarahi e whakamahi ana i ngā raraunga ngota (DNA, RNA, pūmua rānei) hei hanga anō i te hītori whanaketanga me ngā whanaungatanga, kātahi ka whakamahi i ēnei raraunga hei whakapai ake i ngā pūnaha whakarōpūtanga.
He aha te phylogenetics ngota?
Ko te phylogenetics ngota he peka o te koiora whanaketanga e ako ana i ngā whanaungatanga whanaketanga i waenga i ngā rauropi mā te whakataurite i ngā raupapatanga o ngā ngota koiora. Ko ngā ngota e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te DNA (hei tauira, mitochondrial, chloroplast, ira karihi rānei), RNA, me ngā pūmua. He māmā noa te kaupapa matua: ko ngā rauropi he rite ake ngā raupapatanga ira he nui ake te tūponotanga kia kotahi te tūpuna i ngā rauropi he tino rerekē ngā raupapatanga ira.
Mā te tātari i ngā rerekētanga me ngā āhuatanga ōrite o ngā raupapatanga ira, ka hangaia e ngā kaipūtaiao he rākau whakapapa, arā, he tūtohi peka e whakaatu ana i ngā tauira o te rerekētanga mai i tētahi tūpuna kotahi ki ngā momo whakapapa. Ka whakamahia ēnei rākau hei whakapae pūtaiao mō te hītori whanaketanga, ka taea te whakahou ake i te kitenga o ngā raraunga hou.
He aha te hiranga o ngā raraunga ngota i roto i te whakarōpūtanga?
He painga tō te huarahi āhua, engari he ngoikoretanga anō hoki. He maha ngā rauropi ka uru ki te whanaketanga tauutuutu, arā, ko te putanga mai o ngā āhuatanga ōrite i roto i ngā rōpū kāore e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga taiao e rite ana. Hei tauira, i puta te āhua tinana āhua-torpedo o ngā ika me ngā aihe hei urutaunga ki te ora i roto i te wai, ehara i te mea he whanaunga tata rāua. Ka taea te whakarōpūtanga i runga i te āhua o te tinana anake te whakapohehe.
Mā ngā raraunga ngota ngota ka āwhina i te whakatika i tēnei take nā te mea kei roto i te DNA ngā tohu hohonu ake o te hītori whanaketanga e kore e kitea e te kanohi tahanga. Hei tāpiri, mō ngā rōpū rauropi he tino māmā, he rite rānei ngā āhua (hei tauira, he huakita, he harore moroiti, he momo ngaro rānei), ko te tātari ngota ngota te huarahi anake hei wehewehe me te whakatau i ō rātou whanaungatanga.
Pūtake raraunga: he aha ngā ira e whakamahia ana?
Ko te whiriwhiri i te tohu ira ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā whāinga rangahau me te rōpū o ngā rauropi e akohia ana. Ko ētahi o ngā tohu e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
1. 16S rRNA mō ngā huakita me te Archaea, nā te mea kei roto i te nuinga o ngā prokaryote tēnei ira, ā, he puhoi tōna whanaketanga, nō reira he pai mō ngā whanaungatanga whānui.
2. 18S rRNA mō ngā eukaryote pērā i ngā protists me ētahi kararehe, hei rite ki te 16S rRNA i roto i ngā prokaryote.
3. Ko te COI (Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) i roto i te DNA mitochondrial mō te tini o ngā kararehe, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana i roto i te huarahi "DNA barcoding" mō te tautuhi momo.
4. Ko te rbcL me te matK i roto i ngā chloroplast mō ngā tipu, e whakamahia ana mō te whakarōpūtanga tipu me te tohu pae.
5. Kua piki haere te utu o te raupapatanga ira-katoa, ā, ka taea hoki te whakarato i ngā whakataunga teitei ake, inā koa mō ngā take uaua.
Ka nui ake ngā ira e tātarihia ana, ka kaha ake ngā whakatau whanaungatanga ka puta, ahakoa ka piki ake hoki te uaua o te tātari me ngā whakaritenga rorohiko.
Ngā tikanga tātari : mai i ngā raupapatanga ki ngā rākau whanaketanga
I te nuinga o te wā, he maha ngā wāhanga matua o te tukanga o te phylogenetics ngota:
1. Te tātai tauira me te tango ira mai i ngā rauropi ūnga.
2. Te whakanui ake i ētahi ira mā te whakamahi i te PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), te raupapatanga tika rānei mēnā kei te whakamahi i te huarahi ira.
3. Te raupapatanga hei whiwhi i te raupapatanga nucleotide (A, T, C, G).
4. Te whakarārangi raupapatanga, arā, te whakarite raupapatanga kia taea ai te whakataurite i ngā tūranga o ngā nucleotide ōrite.
5. Hangaia anō te rākau whakapapa mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tatauranga, i ngā tikanga rorohiko rānei pēnei i:
– Te Whakaiti Nui (te kimi i te rākau me te iti rawa o ngā huringa),
– Te Tūponotanga Mōrahi (te kimi i te rākau tino tūpono i runga i te tauira whanaketanga),
– Te Whakatau Bayesian (te whakamahi i ngā tūponotanga o muri hei aromatawai i te tautoko mō tētahi rākau).
6. Whakamātauria te pono o te rākau, hei tauira mā te whakamahi i te bootstrapping, kia kitea ai te kaha o te tautoko a te raraunga i tētahi peka motuhake.
Mā ēnei mahi ka whakarite kia kaua te rākau whakawhanaungatanga e waiho hei pikitia noa iho, engari ko te hua o tētahi tātaritanga ka taea te whakamātautau me te whakahoki anō.
Te pānga o te phylogenetics ngota ki ngā pūnaha whakarōpūtanga
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a te pūtaiao whakapapa irahiko ko te akiaki i te whakarōpūtanga kia pai ake te whakaata i te monophyly, arā, he rōpū kei roto ko tētahi tūpuna kotahi me ōna uri katoa. E hangai ana tēnei huarahi ki ngā mātāpono o te whakarōpūtanga hou e kiia nei ko te pūnaha whakapapa, ko te cladistics rānei.
I mua i te wā ngota ngota, i whakaarohia ētahi rōpū he kotahi noa iho nā te mea he rite tonu ō rātou āhua tinana, engari ko te mea pono, he maha ngā momo whakapapa motuhake i titoa mai i a rātou (polyphyletic). Mā te phylogenetics ngota ngota ka āwhina i te tautuhi me te whakatika i ēnei take. Nō reira, ka taea te huri i ngā ingoa me ngā rohe o ngā rōpū whakarōpū: ka wehea ētahi ki ētahi ira/momo, ka hanumi ētahi, ā, ka nekehia ētahi ki ētahi atu rōpū.
Ka kitea ngā tauira o tēnei pānga whānui i roto i:
– Te whakarōpūtanga o ngā moroiti, e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te 16S rRNA. He maha ngā huakita i whakarōpūtia i mua i runga i te āhua me te pākia o te tinana, engari kua kitea he whanaungatanga motuhake.
– Ngā whanaungatanga kararehe, hei tauira te whakaritenga anō o ētahi rōpū i runga i ngā raraunga mitochondrial me te karihi.
– Ngā tipu puāwai, ka āwhina ngā raraunga ngota ki te wehewehe i ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā whānau me ngā ota, me te whakamārama i te whanaketanga o ngā āhuatanga pēnei i ngā putiputi me ngā hua.
Te tohu pae DNA me te tautuhi momo
Haunga te hanga rākau whanaketanga, he mahi anō tā te ira-ira ngota ira ki te tautuhi tere i ngā momo mā te tohu pae DNA. Ko te ariā he whakamahi i ngā kongakonga ira paerewa (hei tauira, te COI i roto i ngā kararehe) hei tautuhi i ngā momo, he rite tonu ki ngā tohu pae i runga i ngā hua. He whai hua tēnei tikanga mō:
– te tautuhi i ngā momo kei te wāhanga torongū, ngā wāhanga tinana rānei,
– te kimi i ngā momo whakaeke,
– te āwhina i ngā pirihimana ki te whawhai ki te hokohoko kararehe mohoao,
– te aroturuki i te kanorau koiora mā te DNA taiao (eDNA) mai i te wai, te oneone, te hau rānei.
Heoi anō, he iti anō hoki ngā herenga o te pae waehere, hei tauira, ina he iti rawa te rerekētanga ira i waenga i ngā momo, ina rānei ka puta te whakakotahitanga ka pōuriuri ai ngā rohe momo.
Ngā wero me ngā herenga o te phylogenetics ngota
Ahakoa tōna kaha, kāore te pūtaiao whakapapa irahiko i te kore raruraru. Ko ētahi o ngā wero nui ko:
1. Te whakaranu me te whakawhanaungatanga, inā koa i roto i ngā tipu me ētahi kararehe, e taea ai te whakaranu i ngā rauemi ira i waenga i ngā momo kia kore ai e tino māmā te rākau.
2. Te whakarōpūtanga whakapapa kāore i oti, arā, ko te wā kāore anō kia tino wehea ngā rerekētanga ira tūpuna ina hangaia he momo hou, ā, ka rerekē te whanaungatanga o ētahi ira mai i te hītori tuturu o te momo.
3. Ngā rerekētanga o ngā tere whanaketanga, ko ētahi ira ka tere te whanaketanga, ko ētahi ka pōturi; mā te kōwhiringa ira kāore i te tika ka kore e pai te whakatau.
4. Te whakawhiti ira whakapae i roto i ngā huakita, e tika ai te whakaahua i te ariā o te "rākau" hei "whatunga" whanaketanga.
5. Te kounga o ngā raraunga me te tauira, nā te mea he tino whakawhirinaki ngā hua o te tātari ki te whakaaturanga o te momo i akohia me te kounga o ngā raupapatanga.
Nō reira, he maha ngā rangahau hou e whakakotahi ana i ngā raraunga ngota ngota me ētahi atu taunakitanga pēnei i te āhua, te whanonga, te rauropi, me ngā rekoata o ngā kōiwi tawhito (huarahi whakauru).
Whakamutunga
Kua hurihia e te pūtaiao ira-ira ngota te whakarōpūtanga o ngā rauropi mā te whakarato i tētahi huarahi whai take me te ine hei aromatawai i ngā whanaungatanga whanaketanga. Mā te tātari i te DNA, te RNA, ngā pūmua rānei, ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te hanga rākau ira-ira hei āwhina i te hanga i ngā whakarōpūtanga e pai ake ai te hono ki te hītori whanaketanga. He whānui tōna pānga: mai i ngā whakahoutanga whakarōpūtanga ki te tautuhi momo mā te waehere DNA ki te mārama ake ki ngā takenga mai o te koiora koiora. Ahakoa ngā wero pēnei i te whakaranu me te whakawhiti ira whakapae, kei te haere tonu te pūtaiao ira-ira ngota me ngā whanaketanga o te raupapatanga me te hangarau rorohiko, ka waiho hei pou matua o te koiora hou me te tiaki taiao.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga kia 1000 kupu tonu (tāpirihia ngā kupu takitahi) me te tāpiri atu rānei i ētahi tauira motuhake (hei tauira, mō te tangata, mō ngā manu, mō ngā tipu, mō ngā huakita rānei) inā hiahiatia.
