Ngā Tikanga Tātari Tatauranga i roto i te Rangahau Hauora Koiora
I roto i te rangahau koiora, he mea nui te tātari tatauranga. Ka pā te kaha ki te tātari tika me te whakamārama i ngā raraunga ki te whai mana me te pono o ngā kitenga rangahau. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ētahi tikanga tātari tatauranga e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te rangahau koiora, me te hiranga o te whiriwhiri i te tikanga tika hei whakautu i ngā momo raraunga me ngā pātai rangahau.
1. Whakataki ki te Tātari Tatauranga i roto i te Rangahau Hauora Koiora
Kei roto i te rangahau koiora hauora ngā momo raraunga e hiahiatia ana he tātaritanga tatauranga hei whakatutuki i ngā whakatau tika me te whai mana. Ka whakamahia ēnei tikanga hei mārama ki ngā tauira, ngā whanaungatanga, me ngā pānga o ngā taurangi kua tirohia. Ka āwhina te tātaritanga tatauranga i ngā kairangahau ki te whakamārama i ngā raraunga i roto i te horopaki o ā rātou whakapae me te whakatau whakatau ka taea te whakamahi i roto i te mahi haumanu, hei pūtake rānei mō ētahi atu rangahau.
2. Ngā Momo Raraunga i roto i te Rangahau Hauora Koiora
I mua i te whiriwhiri tikanga tātari ngā tatauranga tika, he mea nui kia mārama ki te momo raraunga hei tātari. I te nuinga o te wā, raraunga rangahau koiora ka taea te whakarōpū ki ētahi kāwai:
– Raraunga Ingoa: Ngā raraunga kāwai kāore he raupapa motuhake (hei tauira: ira tangata, tūnga marena).
– Raraunga Raupapa: Ngā raraunga kāwai he raupapa motuhake (hei tauira: te taumata mamae, te whakarōpūtanga o te mate).
– Raraunga Wā: Ngā raraunga he rite te tawhiti i waenga i ngā uara engari kāore he kore tūturu (hei tauira: te pāmahana i roto i ngā nekehanga Celsius).
– Raraunga Tauwehenga: Ngā raraunga he ōrite te tawhiti i waenga i ngā uara, ā, he kore tūturu tōna (hei tauira: taumaha, teitei).
3. Tikanga Tatauranga Whakaahuatanga
Ngā Tatauranga Whakaahuatanga Māmā
Ko te whāinga o ngā tikanga whakaahua he whakaahua, he whakarāpopoto rānei i ngā raraunga mai i tētahi taupori, tauira rānei. Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā ine o te ia matua (te toharite, te tau waenga, te aratau) me ngā ine o te marara (te whānuitanga, te rerekētanga, te paerewa rerekētanga). Hei tauira, ka taea e te toharite te whakarato i tētahi tirohanga whānui o te uara toharite o ngā kitenga, ko te paerewa rerekētanga ia e tohu ana i te horapa o ngā raraunga.
Tohatoha Auautanga
Ko te tohatoha auau he tikanga whakairoiro e whakamahia ana hei whakaatu i te tohatoha o ngā auau o ētahi uara, kāwai rānei i roto i tētahi tauira. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā tūtohi kauwhata, ngā tūtohi porowhita rānei mō ngā tohatoha auau.
4. Tātaritanga Whakatau Tatauranga
Mā te tātari whakatau ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whakaputa i ngā whakatau whānui, i ngā whakatau rānei mō tētahi taupori mai i tētahi tauira. Ko ētahi o ngā tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te tātari whakatau ko:
Whakamātautau Whakaaro
– Whakamātautau-T: Hei whakatairite i ngā toharite tauira e rua, pērā i te toharite i waenga i te rōpū maimoatanga me te rōpū whakahaere. Ka taea te whakamātautau-t te whakamātautau-t motuhake (ngā tauira motuhake e rua) te whakamātautau-t maha rānei (kotahi te tauira ka inehia kia rua ngā wā).
– Whakamātautau ANOVA (Tātari Rerekētanga): Ka whakamahia ina toru, neke atu rānei ngā rōpū hei whakataurite. Ka whakamātautau te ANOVA kotahi-ara i ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā toharite o ētahi rōpū, ko te ANOVA rua-ara ia ka whakamātautau i te pānga o ngā taurangi motuhake e rua.
– Whakamātautau Chi-Square: Whakamahia mō ngā raraunga kāwai hei whakamātautau i te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi kāwai e rua.
Te Whakamuri me te Hononga
– Te Whakarerekētanga Raina: Whakamahia hei tātari i te whanaungatanga i waenga i tētahi taurangi whakawhirinaki tonu me tētahi, neke atu rānei o ngā taurangi motuhake. Ka āwhina i te matapae i te uara o te taurangi whakawhirinaki i runga i ngā uara o ngā taurangi motuhake.
– Hononga: E ine ana i te kaha me te ahunga o te whanaungatanga rārangi i waenga i ngā taurangi tonu e rua. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te tauwehenga hononga Pearson, Spearman rānei mō tēnei.
5. Ngā Tikanga Tātari Matatau
Whakamuritanga Rautaki
Hei tātari i ngā taurangi whakawhirinaki rua (hei tauira, ahakoa he mate motuhake tō te tangata), ka taea e te whakatauira logistic te tautuhi i ngā āhuatanga mōrearea me te tūponotanga o te puta o tētahi huihuinga i runga i ngā taurangi motuhake.
Tātaritanga Ora
He whai hua i roto i ngā rangahau koiora e pā ana ki te wā ki te huihuinga (hei tauira, te matenga, te hokinga mai o te mate). Ko ngā tikanga noa ko te tātari Kaplan-Meier me ngā tauira mōrearea taurite Cox.
Tikanga Maha-Taurangi
– Tātari Tauwehe: Whakamahia hei tautuhi i te hanganga i roto i tētahi huinga taurangi, hei whakaiti hoki i ngā raraunga ki ētahi tauwehe matua.
– Tātari Rōpū: He tikanga mō te whakarōpū i ngā kaupapa, i ngā taonga rānei i runga i ō rātou āhuatanga. He maha ngā wā e whakamahia ana i roto i te mātauranga mate urutā hei tautuhi i ngā rōpū mōrearea nui i roto i tētahi taupori.
Tikanga Whakaara
He huarahi tauira anō e āhei ai te aromatawai i te tika o te āheinga tatauranga mō te tauira. He tino whai hua tēnei ina kāore i te mōhiotia te tohatoha raraunga, ina rānei he iti te rahi o te tauira.
6. Te Hiranga o te Kōwhiri i te Tikanga Tika
He mea nui te whiriwhiri i te tikanga tātari tatauranga tika hei whakarite i te tika me te pono o ngā hua rangahau. Ko ētahi o ngā mea hei whakaaro ko te momo raraunga, te tohatoha raraunga, te rahi o te tauira, me ngā whāinga rangahau. Mā ngā hapa i roto i te whiriwhiringa tikanga ka arahi pea ki ngā whakamāramatanga hē me ngā whakatau hē.
7. Ngā Wero i roto i te Tātari Tatauranga
Ahakoa te whānuitanga o ngā tikanga tatauranga e wātea ana, he maha ngā wero e pā ana ki ngā kairangahau i roto i te tātari raraunga. Kei roto i ēnei ko ngā raraunga ngaro, te kōwhiringa tauira tika, te maha-whakapiripiri, me te taunga nui. Mā te ako tonu me te whakangungu i roto i ngā tatauranga, me te mahi tahi me ngā tohunga tatauranga koiora, ka āwhina i te whakatau i ēnei wero.
8. Whakamutunga
He wāhanga nui te tātari tatauranga o te rangahau hauora, e āwhina ana ehara i te mea ki te whakamārama raraunga anake engari ki te whakatau whakatau haumanu e ahu mai ana i ngā taunakitanga. Ko te mōhio ki ngā tikanga tātari tika me te whiriwhiri i ngā tikanga tika te mea nui ki te whiwhi hua rangahau tika me te tika. Hei whakatika i ngā wero o te tātari tatauranga, ko te mahi tahi me ngā tohunga tatauranga me te whakangungu tonu he mahi nui hei whakarite i te angitu i roto i te rangahau hauora.
Mā te rangahau koiora hauora e whakahaerehia me ngā tikanga tatauranga tika ka whai wāhi nui ki te whakapai ake i te kounga o ngā ratonga hauora, te auahatanga hauora, me te mārama ake ki te hauora tangata me ngā mate.
