Ngā Akoranga Mahi Papa i roto i te Anthropology: Ngā Tikanga me ngā Huarahi
Ko ngā rangahau mahi mara he tūāpapa mō te kaupapa mātauranga tangata, he tikanga e mau tonu ana te mauri o te mārama ki ngā ahurea tangata i roto i ō rātou taiao tūturu. Mā te rumaki i a rātou anō ki roto i te oranga o ia rā o ngā taupori rangahau, ka whiwhi ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata i ngā māramatanga tino nui ki ngā uauatanga o ngā hapori tangata, ngā whanonga, me ngā mahi e kore nei e kitea. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga me ngā huarahi e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā mahi mara mātauranga tangata, e whakaatu ana i te hohonutanga me te whānui o tēnei mahi tino nui.
Te Hiranga o te Mahi ā-Parae
Ko te mahi mara i roto i te mātauranga tangata e pā ana ki te wā roa e noho ana te tohunga mātauranga tangata i roto i te hapori, e tirotiro tika ana, e whai wāhi ana hoki ki ngā mahi o ia rā kia whiwhi ai i te māramatanga hohonu, mārama hoki ki te hapori e akohia ana e rātou. Ko te pūtake o tēnei huarahi ko te whakapau kaha ki tētahi tirohanga whānui, me te whakaaro ki ngā mahi ahurea i roto i ō rātou horopaki pāpori, ōhanga, me te taiao whānui.
Mā tēnei tukanga rumaki ka taea e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te hanga hononga whakawhirinaki i roto i te hapori, ā, he maha ngā wā ka hua ake he raraunga pono ake, he raraunga whai kiko ake hoki. He huarahi anō hoki te mahi mara ki te wero i ngā whakaaro me ngā whakaaro whakahāwea kua whakaarohia i mua, me te akiaki i ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki te whakarerekē i ō rātou māramatanga me ngā whakamāramatanga i runga i ngā āhuatanga tūturu o te hunga e akohia ana e rātou.
Ngā Tikanga Matarohia i roto i te Mahi Marae Ā-Iwi
1. Te Tirotiro a te Kaiuru:
Ko te tikanga rongonui pea i roto i ngā mahi tirotiro tangata, ko te tirotiro whai wāhi ko te noho i roto i te hapori me te whai wāhi atu me te tirotiro i ā rātou mahi o ia rā. Mā te tango i ngā tūranga takirua o te kaiuru me te kaimātakitaki, ka taea e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te wheako i ngā mahi ahurea, ka āwhina i te māramatanga hohonu ake e neke atu ana i ngā tirotirohanga papaku. E hono ana tēnei tikanga ki ngā tino tangata pēnei i a Bronisław Malinowski, nāna nei i mahi i ngā Moutere o Trobriand i whakaatu i te āhua rumaki o te mahi tirotiro tangata.
2. Ngā Uiuitanga ā-Iwi:
Ko te whakahaere uiuinga tikanga tangata tētahi atu tikanga matua, e āhei ai ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki te kohikohi i ngā kōrero whaiaro me ngā māramatanga taipitopito mai i ngā mema o te hapori. Ka taea e ēnei uiuinga te whānuitanga mai i ngā kōrero hanganga ki ngā kōrero ā-haurua me ngā kōrero ōkawa, e whakarato ana i te ngāwari ki te tūhura i ngā kaupapa motuhake me te urutau ki te momo kōrero a ngā mema o te hapori. Mā roto i ēnei taunekeneke, ka kohikohi ngā tohunga tātai tangata i ngā raraunga kounga nui e whakaatu ana i ngā tirohanga takitahi me ngā tikanga ahurea ā-rōpū.
3. Ngā Tikanga Whakapapa:
Ko ngā tikanga whakapapa he mahere i ngā whanaungatanga pāpori me ngā hononga whanaungatanga i roto i te hapori. Mā tēnei tikanga ka āwhina i ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki te mārama ki te hanganga pāpori, ngā tauira tuku iho, ngā tikanga marena, me ngā herenga whanaungatanga e tautuhi ana i te hanganga pāpori o te hapori. Mā te hanga whakapapa taipitopito, ka taea e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te whai i ngā whanaungatanga whakapapa me te hura i ngā mātāpono matua e whakahaere ana i ngā whakahaere pāpori.
4. Ngā Hītori o te Ora:
Ko te kaupapa o te hītori ora he tuhi i te kōrero whaiaro mō te oranga o tētahi tangata i roto i te hapori. Mā tēnei tikanga ka kitea he tirohanga roa mō ngā mahi ahurea, ngā huringa pāpori, me ngā kaupapa hītori e pā ana ki tētahi tangata kotahi. Mā te hītori ora ka kitea he tirohanga ahurei hei mārama i ngā au me ngā panonitanga nui o te hapori, e whakaatu ana i te hononga i waenga i te mana takitahi me ngā kaha hanganga.
Ngā Huarahi o Nāianei i roto i te Mahi Marae Ā-Iwi
I te whanaketanga o te mara o te mātauranga tangata, ka whanake anō hoki ngā tikanga me ngā huarahi e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā mahi mara. Ka whakauruhia e ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata o ēnei rā ngā tikanga auaha me ngā tirohanga maha-mātauranga hei whakarei ake i te hohonutanga me te whānuitanga o ā rātou rangahau.
1. Te Iwi Mamati:
Kua hurihia e te taenga mai o ngā hangarau matihiko ngā mara mātauranga tangata. Ko te mātauranga tangata matihiko ko te ako i ngā hapori ipurangi, ngā taunekeneke pāpāho pāpori, me ngā taiao mariko kia mārama ai ki te hanga a ngā hangarau matihiko i ngā mahi pāpori me ngā tuakiri ahurea. Mā te tirotiro i te hononga o te ao matihiko me te ao tūturu, ka whiwhi ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata i ngā māramatanga ki ngā huarahi e awe ai te hangarau i ngā wheako tangata o nāianei.
2. Rangahau Mahi Tahi me te Whai Wāhi:
Mā te whakanui i te mahi tahi me te tauutuutu, ka uru kaha ngā mema o te hapori ki te tukanga rangahau mā ngā tikanga rangahau whakauru. Ko te whāinga o te rangahau mahi tahi he whakahāngai i te whakaputa mātauranga, me te whakarite kia whai wāhi nui ngā reo o te hapori ki te hoahoa rangahau, te kohikohi raraunga, me te whakamārama i ngā kitenga. Mā tēnei huarahi ka whakatairanga i te whakaute tetahi ki tetahi, ka waihanga tahi hoki i te mātauranga me te aro atu ki ngā āwangawanga matatika e pā ana ki ngā hihiri mana me te māngai.
3. Te Iwi-ā-Iwi Maha-wāhi:
Mā te mōhio ki te hononga o ngā hapori ao whānui, ko te rangahau ahurea maha-wāhi ko te whakahaere i ngā mahi mara i ngā wāhi maha hei mārama ki ngā āhuatanga ā-motu me ā-rohe o ngā mahi ahurea. E whakaae ana tēnei huarahi kāore e taea te tino mārama ki ngā āhuatanga pāpori i roto i ngā rohe o te wāhi kotahi. Mā te whai i ngā tāngata, ngā taonga, ngā whakaaro, me ngā mahi puta noa i ngā wāhi rerekē, ka whiwhi ngā tohunga tātai tangata i tētahi māramatanga whānui ake mō ngā whatunga pāpori me ngā tukanga uaua.
4. Te Anthropology Tirohanga:
Ka whakamahia e te mātauranga tirohanga tangata te whakaahua, te ataata, me ētahi atu pāpāho tirohanga hei tuhi me te tātari i ngā mahi ahurea. He huarahi kaha ngā tikanga tirohanga ki te hopu me te whakaatu i ngā āhuatanga ā-kanohi me ngā āhuatanga ataahua o ngā wheako tangata. Mā te whakamahi i ngā pāpāho tirohanga, ka taea e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te waihanga i ngā whakaaturanga ahurea whakamīharo e pārekareka ana ki te hunga whakarongo whānui, ā, e whai wāhi ana ki te whai wāhi a te marea ki te rangahau tātai tangata.
Ngā Whakaaro Matatika i roto i te Mahi Marae
He mea nui ngā whakaaro matatika i roto i ngā mahi rangahau ā-iwi. Ko te āhua rumaki o te mahi rangahau e hiahia ana kia whakapau kaha ki te whakaute i te mana, te tūmataitinga, me te mana motuhake o ngā kaiuru rangahau. Kua tukua ki ngā tohunga rangahau ā-iwi te kawenga ki te tiki whakaaetanga whai whakaaro, ki te whakarite i te muna, me te aro atu ki ngā kino ka puta mai i te tukanga rangahau.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ko te mahi matatika he whakaaroaro, arā, ka whakaaroarohia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata ō rātou ake tūnga, ō rātou whakaaro pākiki, me te pānga o ō rātou noho ki roto i te hapori. Mā te mōhio ki ō rātou ake whakaaro takitahi, ka whai ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki te whakahaere rangahau e tika ana mō ngā tikanga matatika, e aro nui ana hoki ki ngā tikanga ahurea.
Opaniraa
He mahi nui tonu ngā rangahau mara i roto i te mātauranga tangata hei mārama ki te kanorau me te uaua o ngā hapori tangata. Mā roto i ngā tikanga tawhito pēnei i te mātakitaki whai wāhi me ngā uiuinga mātauranga iwi, tae atu ki ngā huarahi o nāianei pēnei i te mātauranga iwi matihiko me te rangahau tahi, ka hurahia e ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata te whatunga uaua o ngā mahi pāpori, ngā whakapono, me ngā uara e tautuhi ana i ngā ahurea tangata.
I te whanaketanga o te kaupapa, ka noho pūmau tonu ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki ngā mahi rangahau matatika me te whakapai tonu i ngā tikanga mahi mara. Mā te rumaki i a rātou anō ki ngā wheako o ngā hapori, ka whai wāhi ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki tētahi māramatanga hohonu ake, ā, ki te aroha hoki ki te tangata i roto i ōna momo āhua katoa. Ko tēnei whakapau kaha ki te mahi mara e whakaatu ana i te hiranga pumau o te tātai tangata i roto i tētahi ao e hurihuri tonu ana.
