Ngā Tikanga Tānga Lithography mō ngā Toi Whakairoiro
He tikanga tā te tuhi whakaahua, he roa nei tōna hītori i roto i te ao toi whakairoiro. E mōhiotia ana tēnei tikanga mō tōna kaha ki te whakaputa i te kounga raina pai, ngā rerekētanga oro whai kiko, me ngā āhua tirohanga motuhake—mai i ngā whiu ngawari ki ngā kakano whakaputa. Kāore i rite ki ngā tikanga tā whakairo pēnei i te whakairo rakau, te tā whakairo intaglio rānei pēnei i te whakairo, ka mahi te tuhi whakaahua i runga i tētahi kaupapa matū māmā: ka panaia e te wai me te hinu tetahi ki tetahi. Kātahi ka noho tēnei kaupapa hei pūtake mō te tukanga tārua i ngā whakaahua ki runga pepa, i te pango me te mā me te tae.
He Hītori Poto o te Whakairoiro
I hangaia te mahi tānga i te mutunga o te rautau 18 e Alois Senefelder, he kaituhi Tiamana, he kaihanga hoki. I te tīmatanga, i whakawhanakehia te mahi tānga hei tikanga tārua tuhinga me ngā whakaahua mō ngā kaupapa whakaputa nā te mea he tere ake, he iti ake te utu i ērā atu tikanga tā i taua wā. Heoi, i roto i te wā, he maha ngā kaitoi i whakamahi i te mahi tānga hei reo mō te whakapuakitanga toi. I ngā rautau 19 me te 20, i rongonui te mahi tānga i waenga i ngā kaitoi Pākehā, inā koa mō ngā pānui, ngā whakaahua, me ngā mahi toi whakairoiro putanga iti. I rongonui whānuitia ngā kaitoi pērā i a Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec mō āna pānui tānga, he kaha te hoahoa me te tae.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Whakairoiro
Ko te mea nui o te mahi whakairo kei roto i te taunekeneke i waenga i ngā rauemi ngako (hinuhinu) me te wai. Ko te mata o te kīanga whakairo—he mea hanga ki te kōhatu, ki te pereti whakarewa rānei pērā i te konumohe—kua whakaritea kia taea ai e te wāhi whakaahua te "hopu" i te waituhi hinuhinu, ko te wāhi kāore i te whakaahua ka pana i te waituhi nā te mea ka mau te wai.
I roto i te poto, ko te kaupapa matua ko:
– He mea hanga te wāhi whakaahua ki ngā rauemi hinuhinu (hei tauira, ngā pene rākau peita, te waituhi tusche rānei).
– Ka kiia ngā wāhi kāore i te whakaahua he hunga e aroha ana ki te wai (he hunga e pai ana ki te wai).
– I te wā e tā ana, ka mākūkūhia te mata ki te wai i te tuatahi kia mimiti te wai i te wāhi kāore i te whakaahua.
– Kātahi ka hurihia te waituhi hinuhinu ki runga i te mata; ka piri noa te waituhi ki te wāhi o te ahua.
Mā tēnei mātāpono māmā ka taea e te kaitoi te tuhi tika ki runga i te mata o te kōhatu/pereti, nō reira he maha ngā wā ka tata atu te mahi tuhi ki te mahi tuhi i ētahi atu tikanga whakairoiro e "whakairo" ana, e "whakairo" ana rānei i te pereti.
Ngā Utauta me ngā Rauemi e Whakamahia Ana
I roto i te mahi whakairo, ko ngā taputapu me ngā rauemi e whakamahia ana e whai ake nei:
1. Kōhatu whakairo, pereti konumohe rānei
He tino pai, he pakari hoki te kounga tānga o te kōhatu, engari he taumaha, ā, me tiaki. He whai hua ake, he māmā ake ngā pereti konumohe, ā, he pai mō ngā whare mahi toi he iti noa ngā ratonga.
2. Ngā pene rākau me ngā peita tusche
He rerekē te pakeke o ngā pene rākau peita, ā, ka puta he tauira rārangi motuhake. Mā te Tusche (waituhi wai) ka taea te hanga i ngā whiu paraihe, ngā tae kanapa, me ngā kakano rerekē.
3. Kapia arapi me te waikawa (whakakoi)
Ka whakamahia he ranunga o te kāpia ārapi me te iti o te waikawa (ko te waikawa hauota te nuinga kei runga i te kōhatu, he wai motuhake rānei kei runga i te pereti) hei "maukati" i te ahua, me te whakarite kia uru te wai ki ngā wāhi kāore i te ahua.
4. Roera waituhi (broyer/roera)
Hei pania te waituhi lithography kia ōrite.
5. Waituhi tuhituhi
He waituhi matotoru, hinuhinu motuhake, e wātea ana i ngā tae rerekē.
6. Mīhini perehi tuhituhi
Hei pēhi i te waituhi ki te pepa. Tērā pea ka whakamahia e ētahi whare tā he mīhini tā motuhake, he mīhini tā ā-ringa rānei, ahakoa he rerekē ngā hua.
7. Te tā pepa
He pepa toi kounga teitei te nuinga, pērā i te pepa miro, i te pepa whakairoiro motuhake rānei ka pai te mimiti i te mangumangu.
Ngā Wāhanga o te Tukanga Tānga Lithography
Ahakoa he rerekētanga kei roto i te tikanga mahi toi i runga i te whare toi me te momo o te kīwaha, ko ngā wāhanga taketake o te tuhi whakaahua ko ēnei ngā mahi e whai ake nei:
1. Te Whakarite i te Mata
Ki te whakamahi i te kōhatu, me whakakanapa te mata, me whakakoi hoki kia tangohia ai te ahua o mua, kia tutuki ai te kakano e hiahiatia ana. Mō ngā pereti konumohe, kua rite hoki te mata kia whakaaetia te ahua me ngā tukanga matū e whai ake nei.
2. Te Waihanga Whakaahua
Ka tā tika ngā kaitoi ki te kōhatu, ki te pereti rānei mā te whakamahi i ngā pene rākau, ngā pene rākau, ngā pene tā rānei. I tēnei wā, ko te herekoretanga o te whakapuaki whakaaro tētahi o ngā painga o te rākau, nā te mea ka taea e ngā kaitoi te hanga rārangi, te whakatō, te whiu, tae atu ki ngā pānga "horoi" rite ki te peita wai.
3. Tukanga Whakairo (Raka Whakaahua)
Kia oti te whakaahua, ka pania te mata ki te kāpia ārapi kua konatunatua ki tētahi nui motuhake o te otinga waikawa. Ko te whāinga kia:
– Ka whakapakari i te wāhi o te ahua kia "ātaahua" ki te mangumangu.
– Ka meinga ngā wāhi kāore e whakaahua kia wai-ā-roto kia mau ai te wai.
Me mahi āta tēnei tukanga nā te mea ki te kaha rawa ka kino te kounga o te ahua, ki te ngoikore rawa ia ka "pani" te waituhi i ngā wāhi kau.
4. Te Tango i te Rauemi Whakaahua (Te Horoi)
I ētahi tikanga, ka horoia atu te rauemi whakaahua hinuhinu e kitea ana i runga i te mata mā te whakamahi i te whakarewa, engari ka noho tonu ōna "tohu" matū, ka waiho te wāhi he oleophilic (he pai ki ngā waituhi hinu). He wā nui tēnei i roto i te tuhi whakaahua: te āhua nei ka ngaro te ahua, engari kua tiakina paitia e te matū.
5. Te Whakamākū me te Waituhi
I mua i ia tānga, ka whakamakukuhia te kōhatu/pereti ki tētahi hautai, ki tētahi kakahu rānei kua makuku. Ka noho tonu te wai ki runga i ngā wāhi kāore i te whakaahua. Muri iho, ka hurihia te roera waituhi kia maha ngā wā tae noa ki te piri o te waituhi ki ngā wāhi whakaahua.
He mea nui te taurite o te wai me te mangumangu mō te hua whakamutunga. Mēnā he nui rawa te wai, ka uaua te piri o te mangumangu. Mēnā he iti rawa te wai, ka paru te mangumangu ki ngā wāhi takoto kau.
6. Tukanga Tā
Ka whakatakotoria te pepa ki runga i te kōhatu/pereti, kātahi ka pēhia. Mā te pēhanga tika ka whakawhitia te waituhi mai i te mata o te kupu tawhito ki te pepa. I muri i te tānga, ka ata hikitia te pepa, ka whakamarokehia. Ka whakahokia tēnei mahi mō ia putanga.
Ngā Pūnaha Whakairoiro me te Rēhita Tae
Ehara i te mea he pango me te mā anake te mahi tānga. Hei waihanga tānga tae, e rua ngā huarahi matua:
– Pereti maha/kōhatu maha: he kōhatu/pereti motuhake tā ia tae. He maha ngā wā ka tāia te pepa i roto i tētahi raupapa tae motuhake.
– Puna wehewehe/pōkai tae: ka whakanohoia he maha ngā tae ki te pōkai/wāhi waituhi kotahi hei whakaputa i ngā whakawhiti tae, engari he uaua ake te whakahaere.
I roto i te mahi peita tae, he mea nui te rēhitatanga (te tūnga tika o ngā tae). Ko te tikanga, ka whakamahia e ngā kaitoi ngā tohu rēhita hei whakarite kia taka ia paparanga tae ki te wāhi kotahi.
Ngā Painga me ngā Wero o te Hanga Lithography
Te taikaha:
– He tino whai kiko te āhua o ngā rārangi me ngā kakano, he āhua tūturu, me te mea he tuhi ā-ringa.
– He pai mō ngā taipitopito iti me ngā whānuitanga o te tae.
– Ka taea te hanga i roto i ngā putanga iti me te kounga pumau.
Ngā Tananga:
– Me whai taputapu me ngā matū motuhake.
– He roa te tukanga, ā, me tino tika, inā koa te taurite wai-mangatuhi.
– He taumaha ngā kōhatu whakairo, ā, he uaua ki te hapai me te kore he taputapu e tika ana.
Te Tānga i roto i te Mahi Tānga o Nāianei
I tēnei wā, kei te whai tikanga tonu te mahi whakairo. He maha ngā whare whakairoiro e whakakotahi ana i te whakairo me ētahi atu tikanga pēnei i te tā mata, te tā kotahi, tae atu ki ngā huānga matihiko—hei tauira, te hanga i tētahi tānga matihiko, kātahi ka whakawhiti ki tētahi pereti whakairo hei tā ā-ringa. Mā tēnei huarahi ka whānui ake ngā āheinga tirohanga me te pupuri tonu i te ahurei o te whakairo: ka mau tonu te āhua ā-ringa o ia tānga.
Hei tāpiritanga, he maha ngā wā ka whiriwhiria te tuhi whakaahua mō ngā kaupapa mahi tahi a ngā kaitoi me ngā kaitā ngaio (kaitā matua). Mā tēnei mahi tahi ka taea te tūhura hangarau hōhonu ake, tae atu ki te whakamahi i ngā momo pepa rerekē, ngā waituhi motuhake, me ngā whakamātautau kakano e kore e taea te whakatutuki me ētahi atu tikanga tā.
Te Katinga
He tūranga nui tō te tuhi whakaahua i roto i te mahi tā, e whakakotahi ana i te huatau o ngā mātāpono matū me te herekoretanga o te tuhi tika. Mai i tōna hītori hei hangarau whakaputa uri ki tōna tūranga hei reo mō te whakaaturanga toi, he maha ngā huarahi tirohanga a te tuhi whakaahua—mō ngā mahi tae kotahi-tae ngawari me ngā hanganga tae uaua. Mā te mārama ki ngā mātāpono taketake, ngā mahi tukanga, me ngā wero e pā ana, ka taea e ngā kaitoi te tūhura i te tuhi whakaahua hei reo whai rawa, tawhito e mau tonu ana te hihiri i roto i te mahi tā o ēnei rā.
