Hītori o ngā Tikanga Peita Matarohia me ō rātou Whanaketanga
Pendahuluan
He momo toi tirohanga te peita kua roa e noho ana mai i ngā wā o mua. Mā te peita, ka taea e ngā kaitoi te whakapuaki i ngā whakaaro, ngā kare ā-roto, me ngā kōrero. Ko ngā tikanga peita tawhito tētahi o ngā nekehanga tino whai mana i roto i te hītori toi, mai i te wā onamata ki te Renaissance. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga te hītori o ngā tikanga peita tawhito me te whanaketanga o ēnei tae noa ki tēnei rā.
Ngā Tikanga Peita i ngā Wā Onamata
Ngā Peita o Īhipa Tawhito
I ahu mai ngā tikanga peita tawhito i ngā iwi onamata, pērā i a Īhipa. I Īhipa onamata, he maha ngā wā i kitea ai ngā peita i roto i ngā urupā me ngā temepara, ko te nuinga he wāhanga o ngā tikanga tangihanga. Ko tēnei tikanga, e mōhiotia ana ko te "fresco secco," i uru atu ki ngā kaitoi te peita i runga i te paraikete maroke mā te whakamahi i ngā tae i konatunatua ki tētahi mea here pērā i te hua manu, te kāpia rānei. Ko ngā kaupapa matua o ēnei peita ko te ao i muri i te mate me ngā atua o Īhipa. He tohu, he papatahi hoki ēnei peita, e whai ana i ngā tikanga toi tino pakari.
Ngā Peita Kariki me Rōmana Tawhito
I whai wāhi nui anō hoki a Kariki me Rōma onamata ki te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga peita. He nui ake te mōhiotia o te peita Kariki mō āna mahi vaka i ōna peita pakitara. He maha ngā wā i whakamahia ai tēnei tikanga ki te enameling, arā, te peita i runga i te mata uku wera. Ko ngā peita Rōmana, i tētahi atu taha, ka kitea i roto i te āhua o ngā peita pakitara i roto i ngā tāone kua ururuatia pērā i a Pompeii. Ko ngā peita pakitara Rōmana he mea tūturu ake, he mea whakaari ake, e whakaatu ana i ngā whakaaturanga mai i te oranga o ia rā me ngā pūrākau.
Te Peita o te Waenganui
Te whakaahua i ngā tohu Karaitiana
I Ūropi o ngā tau waenga, ko ngā whakairo whare karakia me ngā tuhinga kua whakamāramahia ngā momo toi tirohanga matua. I rongonui te tikanga "tempera", arā, ko te whakaranu i ngā tae ki tētahi mea here pērā i te toene hua manu. I whakamahia ngā peita Tempera hei hanga i ngā panera aata e whakaatu ana i ngā kōrero o te Paipera. He tino tohu te momo peita i tēnei wā, ā, he iti ake te pono, e aro nui ana ki te tuku karere whakapono.
Te Whakaaratanga me te Whānautanga o ngā Tikanga Hou
I te wā o te Renaissance i kitea ai te whakaoranga o te hiahia ki ngā toi tawhito, me te kitenga o ngā tikanga hou i hanga ai te ao tūturu. Ko tētahi o ngā tikanga tino nui ko te "chiaroscuro," i hangaia e te tohunga toi Itari, a Leonardo da Vinci. Ko te Chiaroscuro e pā ana ki te whakamahinga o te mārama me te atarangi rerekē hei waihanga i te āhua o te hohonu me te rōrahi. Nā tēnei tikanga i taea ai e ngā kaitoi te whakaatu i ngā mea toru-ahu ki runga i te mata rua-ahu.
Ko tētahi atu mahi toi o tēnei wā ko te "sfumato," he tikanga i rongonuihia anō hoki e Leonardo. Ka whakamahia te Sfumato hei waihanga i ngā whakawhiti ngawari i waenga i ngā tae me ngā oro, ka puta he pānga ngawari, pōuri, kohu rānei. Ko te mea tino rongonui o tēnei tikanga ko te "Mona Lisa," kei reira te mata o Lisa Gherardini e āhua ora ana.
I te wā o te Renaissance, i whai wāhi nui ngā kaitoi rongonui pērā i a Michelangelo, Raphael, me Titian ki ngā tikanga peita. Ina hoki, nā te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga peita hinu i taea ai e ngā kaitoi te whakakotahi i ngā paparanga tae maha me ngā taipitopito pai. Nā ngā kaitoi Tatimana pērā i a Jan van Eyck i hanga, i whakapai ake hoki i te whakamahinga o te hinu.
Baroque me Rococo
Pāroki
I te rautau 17, i puta te momo Baroque, e tohuhia ana e tana whakamahinga whakaari o te mārama me te atarangi, te nekehanga hihiri, me ngā tito waiata kaha. Ko ngā kaitoi pēnei i a Caravaggio rāua ko Rembrandt ngā tino pou o tēnei kaupapa. Ko te tikanga tenebroso, e rumakina ana te nuinga o te tito waiata ki te atarangi hohonu, me ngā tohu whakaari, i noho hei tohu hokohoko a Caravaggio.
I tētahi atu taha, e mōhiotia ana a Rembrandt mō tana whakamahi i te kakano me te impasto (te matotoru o te peita i runga i te mata o te peita). Mā tēnei tikanga ka tāpirihia he whānuitanga me te ora ki āna kaupapa.
Rococo
I te tīmatanga o te rautau 18, ka heke te momo Baroque, ā, ka whakakapia e Rococo. He momo māmā ake, he whakapaipai ake, ā, he maha ngā wā he aroha ake te momo Rococo. Ko ngā tae pastel me ngā tito kore taurite ngā āhuatanga matua. I rongonui ngā kaitoi pērā i a François Boucher rāua ko Jean-Honoré Fragonard mō ā rāua peita ataahua me te whakaipoipo, ā, i noho hei tohu mō tēnei momo.
Te Wā Hou me ngā Tikanga Hou
Te Ao Tūturu me te Ao Impresiona
I te rautau 19, i puta te kaupapa Realism hei whakautu ki te momo Romantic idealistic. I whai te Realism ki te whakaatu i te oranga o ia rā me te pono, me te kore he idealism. Ko ngā kaitoi pērā i a Gustave Courbet rāua ko Jean-François Millet ngā tino tangata o tēnei kaupapa.
I haere tonu te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga peita tawhito i roto i te kaupapa Impressionist, i tīmatahia e ngā kaitoi pērā i a Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, me Pierre-Auguste Renoir. I tūhuratia e rātou ngā huarahi hou hei hopu i te mārama me te tae i runga i te whakaaro noa, he maha ngā wā ka peitahia e rātou i waho (en plein air). I rongonui haere ngā tikanga pērā i te "alla prima," arā, ka oti te peita i roto i te wā kotahi.
Te Whai muri i te Impresionism me tua atu
Nā te kaupapa Post-Impressionist, i whakaatuhia e ngā kaitoi pērā i a Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, me Paul Gauguin, i whakawhānui ake ngā tikanga me ngā ariā o te Impressionism. I whakamahia e rātou ngā tae māia ake me ngā whakaahua whakarāpopoto hei tūhura i te whakaaturanga takitahi.
Te Whakatakotoranga me te Toi Hou
I te rautau 20 i whānau mai ai ngā momo toi hou pērā i te Cubism, te Futurism, me te Abstract Expressionism. I tīmata te whakarērea o ngā tikanga peita tawhito, ā, i tahuri atu ki ngā tūhuratanga auaha ake o te āhua, te tae, me te ariā. Nā ngā kaitoi pērā i a Pablo Picasso, Wassily Kandinsky, me Jackson Pollock i whakauru mai he huarahi hou mō te mārama me te waihanga toi.
Nā te Cubism i rongonui ai a Pablo Picasso rāua ko Georges Braque i pakaru ngā ariā tuku iho o te tirohanga. I wāwāhia e rātou ngā mea ki ngā āhua ā-ira, ā, i hangaia anō i roto i ngā huarahi auaha.
Ko te Whakapuakitanga Whakarāpopototanga, i tīmatahia e ngā kaitoi o Amerika pērā i a Jackson Pollock rāua ko Mark Rothko, i arotahi ki te āhua me te tae hei huarahi whakapuakitanga kare ā-roto, me te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pērā i te peita maturuturu me te peita mara tae.
Whakamutunga
He haerenga roa te hītori o ngā tikanga peita tawhito, kī tonu i te auahatanga me te huringa. Mai i te tohu papatahi o Īhipa onamata ki ngā tūhuratanga hou o te whakaahua ā-ahua, kei te whanake tonu ēnei tikanga i te taha o ngā huringa ahurea me te hangarau. Ahakoa ka rerekē pea ngā āhua me ngā pāpāho, kei te mau tonu te mauri o te peita: hei huarahi ki te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te whakaatu i te tirohanga takitahi a te kaitoi ki te ao.
