Te Whanaketanga o te Whakairo mai i te Ao Tawhito ki te Ao Hou
Ko te whakairo tētahi o ngā momo whakaaturanga tirohanga tawhito rawa atu i roto i te ao tangata. I whakamahia hei reo mō te tuhi i ngā whakapono, te whakanui i ngā tino tangata, te tohu i ngā wikitoria, tae noa ki te whakapuaki i ngā whakahē pāpori. I ngā wā o mua, ko te whakairo te whakaaturanga o ngā wawata—ngā atua, ngā toa, me ētahi atu tino tangata whakaute—i tēnei wā hou, kua whanake te whakairo hei reo toi e haere tonu ana te herekore: he mea whakarāpopoto, he mea whakamātautau, he mea ariā anō hoki. E whakaatu ana tēnei haerenga roa i te āhua o te hanga o ngā panonitanga o ngā tirohanga a te tangata ki te tinana, te wāhi, ngā rauemi, me te tikanga i te ahunga o te whakairo i roto i te wā.
Te Whakairo i te Wā Matarohia: Te Whakaōrite, te Taurite, me te Whakaaro Pai
Ina whakaaro tātou ki te "tūturutanga", ka huri ngā whakaaro ki te ao Kariki me te ao Rōmana. I te wā o Kariki Tawhito, ko te whakairo te huarahi matua ki te whakaatu i ngā wawata o te ataahua, te taurite, me te ōwehenga. I hangaia e ngā kaiwhakairo he āhua tangata he tino tika, he ine te hanganga tinana me ngā tūnga ōrite. Ko te ariā o te contrapposto—he tūranga e okioki ai te tinana ki runga i te waewae kotahi hei pānga taiao—ko tētahi o ngā whakatutukitanga nui i hoatu ai ki te whakairo tōna āhua ora me te hihiri.
Ehara i te mea ko te whakairo tawhito he whai i te tinana anake, engari he whakaatu hoki i ngā uara pāpori. I whakairohia ngā atua me te mana, i whakaahuahia ngā kaitākaro me te tinana tino pai hei tohu mō te kaha me te whakahaere, i te mea ko ngā tino tangata nui i whakaūngia hei whakaū i te tuakiri tōrangapū me te ahurea. I te wā o Rōmana, i haere tonu ngā tikanga Kariki engari me te aro hou: te tūturutanga o te whakaahua. I ngā uma (ngā upoko me ngā uma) o ngā emepara me ngā rangatira o Rōmana i whakaatu pinepine i ngā kita, te āhua o te kiri, me ngā whakaaturanga takitahi. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ehara i te mea he whakaaro noa iho ngā whakapakoko, engari he taputapu hoki mō te tuhi pāpori me te whakamana i te mana.
Ko ngā rauemi matua i te wā o te ao tawhito ko te māpere me te parahi. Nā te māpere i taea ai te hanga i ngā taipitopito pai me te āhua "parakore", engari nā te parahi i taea ai te waihanga i ngā āhua uaua ake, tae atu ki ngā āhuatanga e tūwhera ana me te kore e pakaru wawe. I te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga, ka noho te whakairo tawhito hei paerewa ataahua ka awe i ngā wā maha i muri mai.
Te Waenganui o ngā Tau: Ka Whakakorehia e te Wairua te Tūturutanga
I te taenga ki te Waenganui o ngā Tau i Ūropi, ka neke te arotahi o te ao ki te whakapono. I rerekē hoki te aronga o te whakairo. Ahakoa i aro nui te whakairo tawhito ki te hanganga tinana me te ataahua tinana, ko te whakairo o ngā tau o mua i aro nui atu ki ngā tohu me ngā karere wairua. Ko ngā whakapakoko i roto i ngā whakairo o te whare karakia, ngā tatau o te whare karakia nui, me ngā whakapakoko o te hunga tapu i hangaia i roto i te momo āhua kāore i te tino pono: ka taea te whakaroa i ngā ōwehenga, te whakatāpiri i ngā kīanga, me te whakakaha i ngā nekehanga.
Engari ehara i te mea he herenga hangarau noa iho tēnei pakari. I whakaata i te hiahia kia aro nui ki ngā tikanga whakapono, kaua ki ngā ahuareka o te ao. Ko te whakairo he "kaiako" mō te hapori koretake te nuinga, e whakaatu ana i ngā kōrero o te Paipera mā roto i ngā whakaahua me ngā āhua. He mea nui ngā whakairo nā te mea ka taea e rātou te kōrero i tētahi kōrero roa i roto i tētahi raupapa o ngā panui.
Heoi, i te mutunga o te Waenganui o ngā Tau, ka tīmata te ora ake o te hiahia ki te ao tūturu. Ka tīmata te puta haere o ngā taipitopito tūturu o ngā kopa papanga, ngā āhua kanohi tangata, me te tirotiro tata i te tinana, ā, ka whakatakoto i te ara mō te whakaoranga nui e whai ake nei.
Te Renaissance: Te Whānautanga Anō o te Tangata me te Pūtaiao i roto i te Whakairo
I kawea mai e te Renaissance te wairua o te "hoki" ki ngā uara tawhito: te whakaaro tangata, te whakaaro whaitake, me te ako i te hanganga tinana. I arotahi anō te whakairo ki te tangata hei kaupapa matua. I ako ngā kaiwhakairo i te tinana mā te tirotiro tika, ā, i ētahi wā, mā te rangahau hanganga tinana. I tēnei wā, ehara i te mea ko te ataahua anake te mea i whakanuia e te whakairo engari ko te hinengaro me te āhua hoki.
Ko Michelangelo tētahi o ngā tino tangata nui i roto i te hītori o te whakairo o te Renaissance. I whakaatuhia e āna mahi he māramatanga hohonu ki ngā uaua, te nekehanga, me te kaha whakapuakitanga o te tinana tangata. Kāore te whakairo i te "ahua-toru-ahu" noa iho, engari he ahua he mana ā-roto me te whakaari. I tua atu, ko te whanaketanga o te tirohanga me te māramatanga ki te wāhi i roto i ngā toi tirohanga i awe hoki i te whakatakotoranga me te tirohanga ki te whakairo. I tīmata te whakaaro ki te whakairo mai i ngā tirohanga rerekē, me te whakauru atu ki te hoahoanga - i roto i ngā whare karakia me ngā wāhi tūmatanui.
Baroque me Rococo: Te Nekehanga, te Whakaari, me te Ataahua
I te wā Baroque, ka nui ake te whakaari o ngā whakairo. I hangaia ngā nekehanga tinana kia rite ki te mea e pupuhi ana i roto i te kōhatu, i te parahi rānei. I whakanuia ngā whakaaturanga kare ā-roto: te harikoa, te wehi, te wikitoria, te ngākau mahaki rānei. He maha ngā tito e hurihuri ana, e hanga ana i te ahua o te nekehanga i te neke haere a te kaimātakitaki. He maha hoki ngā wā i taunekeneke ai ngā whakairo Baroque me te māramatanga, te hoahoanga, me ētahi atu āhuatanga whakapaipai, e whakarei ake ana i te pānga whakaari.
Ko te Rococo i whai mai i te nuinga o te wā he māmā ake, he whakapaipai ake. I whakanuia e tēnei momo te whakapaipai, te rere o te āhua, me te ataahua takaro. Ahakoa kāore i rite te whakaari ki te Baroque, i whakarei ake a Rococo i te reo o te whakairo me ngā āhuatanga o te huatau, inā koa i roto i ngā whare o ngā whare kingi me ngā whare rangatira.
Neoclassical me Romantic: I waenganui i te Tikanga me te Herekoretanga o ngā Kare ā-roto
I te rautau 18 ki te tīmatanga o te rautau 19, i puta te Neoclassicalism hei tauhohenga ki te taonga o te Baroque me te Rococo. I hoki ngā kaitoi ki te whakamoemiti ki te tikanga tawhito me te ngāwari. He "ma" te āhua o te whakairo Neoclassical, he ātaahua hoki, he marino ngā tū me ngā mata maeneene, e rite ana ki te whakairo Kariki-Rōmana. Ko ngā uara matatika me ngā wawata o te pai he kaupapa maha.
Engari kātahi ka puta te Romanticism, e whakanui ana i te kare ā-roto, te whakaaro auaha, me ngā wheako whaiaro. Ka taea e te whakairo Romantic te whakaatu i ngā nekehanga wātea ake, te whakapuakitanga kaha ake, me ngā kaupapa e pā ana ki te taiao, te aituā, te toa takitahi rānei. I konei, ka tīmata te whakairo ki te neke atu i ngā ture tino pai, ā, ka whakatuwhera i te wāhi mō te whakaaro takitahi o te kaitoi.
Te Whakatutukitanga ki te Ao Hou: Te Ao Tūturu, te Ao Impresiona, me te Huringa Rauemi
I te taenga ki te mutunga o te rautau 19, ka tīmata te mahi whakairo ki te wero i ngā ariā o te whakaaro pai me te ao mātauranga. Nā te whakaaro tūturu i whakanui te oranga o ia rā hei kaupapa tika mō te whakairo: ngā kaimahi, ngā tāngata noa, me ngā wā kāore i te "toa" i ngā wā katoa. Kātahi ka puta he huarahi e whakanui ana i te ahua poto me te takaro o ngā mata, e kitea ana i roto i ngā mahi a Auguste Rodin. Kāore a Rodin i whakangawari i ngā mata o āna whakairo i ngā wā katoa; i waihotia ngā tohu o ōna ringa me ngā kakano kia kitea hei hoatu ki ngā whakairo he ahua o te ora, te tūponotanga, me te kaha.
I tēnei wāhanga, i puta tētahi atu panonitanga nui: kua piki haere te kanorau o ngā rauemi me ngā tikanga. Haunga te māpere me te parahi, ka tīmata ngā kaitoi ki te whakamahi i te rino, te maitai, te rakau, me ngā rauemi hiato. Nā te hangarau ahumahi i whakatuwhera ngā huarahi hou: te whakarewa, te whakarewa hou, me te whakaputanga nui.
Whakairo Hou: Whakarāpopototanga, Whakamātautau, me te Ariā
I te rautau 20 ka huri te ao. Kāore i hiahiatia kia whakaatu pono te whakairo i te tinana tangata. I puta mai te āhua whakarāpopototanga, e whakanui ana i te āhua, te manawataki, te papatipu, me te wāhi. I whai ngā kaitoi pērā i a Constantin Brâncuși i te "uho" o te āhua, e whakaiti ana i ngā āhua ki ngā atarangi me ngā rahinga parakore. I tetahi atu taha, i puta mai te hanganga me te whakairo ā-ira, e whakanui ana i ngā hanganga me ngā rauemi ahumahi.
Ko te whanaketanga tino nui o te whakairo hou ko te nekehanga mai i te "mea" ki te "wheako." Kāore ngā whakairo e tū tonu i runga i ngā turanga; ka taea te iri, te hanumi ki roto i te wāhi, tae atu ki ngā whakaurunga e tono ana i te kaimātakitaki kia hikoi ki roto i te mahi. Kei roto hoki i te whakairo te whakairo nekeneke (te whakairo neke), te toi whenua (ngā wawaotanga toi ki ngā whenua), me te toi ariā, ka taea e te whakaaro te whai mana i runga ake i te mea tūturu.
Kua piki haere te ngāwari o ngā rauemi: te kirihou, te karāhe, te papanga, te pepa, ngā taonga kua kitea, tae atu ki ngā hangarau matihiko pēnei i te whakatauira 3D me te tānga 3D. Ka ara ake ngā pātai mō ngā whakairo o ēnei rā: me tūturu te whakairo? Me "ataahua" rānei? Me hanga mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tuku iho? Ko ēnei pātai te mea e ora tonu ai, e whai tikanga ai hoki te whakairo.
Whakamutunga: Mai i te Hiranga ki te Tūhuratanga Mutunga Kore
Ko te whanaketanga o te whakairo, mai i te ao tawhito ki te ao hou, he kōrero mō ngā uara hurihuri me te tirohanga a te tangata ki te ao. I te wā o te ao tawhito, ko te whakairo te tohu o te rangimarie me te wawata. I te Waenganui o ngā Tau, i nekehia e ia ki te wairuatanga me ngā karere matatika. I whakaorahia anō e te Renaissance te pokapū tangata, ā, i whānau mai ngā pūkenga hanganga tinana me ngā tito taonga nui. Nā Baroque me Rococo i whakarei ake ngā āhuatanga o te whakaari me te whakapaipai. I whakaatuhia e te Neoclassical me te Romanticism te taupatupatu i waenga i te tikanga me te kare ā-roto. Hei whakamutunga, i pakaruhia e te wā hou ngā rohe, i hangaia ai te whakairo hei mara mō te whakamātautau i te āhua, te wāhi, ngā rauemi, me ngā whakaaro.
Hei whakamutunga, ehara i te mea ko te hanga i ngā āhua toru-ahu anake te mahi whakairo, engari ko te whakarerekētanga hoki i te āhua o tā tātou wheako i te wāhi, te mārama ki te tinana, me te whakamārama i te tikanga. Mai i te māpere whakairo pai ki ngā whakaurunga o nāianei e whakarerekē ana i ngā wāhi katoa, kei te whanake tonu te whakairo i te taha o te whanaketanga o te tangata tonu. Ahakoa e ako ana te toi tawhito i a tātou mō te mea pai, e tono ana te toi hou ki a tātou kia whakanui i te mea ka taea.
