Ngā Whakairo Māpere Rongonui me ā rātou Tikanga Hanga
Kua roa te māpere e noho ana hei rauemi tino pai mō ngā whakairo nā tōna ataahua huatau, tōna kakano maeneene, me tōna kaha ki te hopu i ngā taipitopito tinana me ngā kopa papanga. Ka hangaia tēnei kōhatu whakawhiti mai i te kōhatu papa kōhatu kua pāngia e te pēhanga me te wera nui mō ngā miriona tau, ka puta he tioata calcite matotoru. Mō ngā kaiwhakairo, ka taea e tēnei hanganga te whakakanapa i ngā mata ki te kanapa teitei, me te mau tonu te kaha ki te waihanga i ngā hanganga uaua. Mai i Kariki onamata ki te Renaissance Itari, ko te whakairo māpere he tohu mō te papai, te wairuatanga, me te whakatutukitanga toi. Ka tirohia e tēnei tuhinga ētahi o ngā whakairo māpere rongonui o te ao me ngā tikanga i whakamahia hei hanga i aua mea.
Ngā Whakapakoko Māpere Rongonui puta noa i te Hītori
1. Rawiri nā Michelangelo (1501–1504)
Ko tētahi o ngā whakairo rongonui o ngā wā katoa ko te whakapakoko a Michelangelo, a Rawiri, kei roto i te Galleria dell'Accademia i Florence. Neke atu i te 5 mita te teitei o te whakapakoko, e whakaatu ana i te āhua o te Paipera a Rawiri i mua tata tonu i tana pakanga ki a Koriata. E kitea ana te hiranga o te mahi toi i roto i tōna hanganga tika, tōna āhua pakari, tōna āhua arotahi, me ngā taipitopito ora o ngā uaua me ngā uaua. E kiia ana i whakairohia e Michelangelo mai i tētahi poraka māpere kotahi i whakaarohia e ētahi atu kaiwhakairo he hapa i mua. E whakaatu ana tēnei i te pūkenga hangarau whakamiharo me te tirohanga toi—e huri ana i ngā herenga o te rauemi hei kaha ataahua.
2. Pietà nā Michelangelo (1498–1499)
Nā Michelangelo anō hoki i mahi, ko te Pietà i te Whare Karakia o Hato Pita i te Vatican he tauira pai o te whakairo māpere. E whakaatu ana tēnei whakairo i a Meri e amo ana i te tinana o Ihu i muri i te ripekanga. Ko te mea whakamiharo ko te āhua o te māpere e rite ana ki te papanga ngohengohe, te kiri tangata maeneene, me te whakaaturanga hohonu o ngā kare ā-roto. He whakairo taipitopito ngā kopa o te kākahu o Meri, e hanga ana i te tākaro o te māramatanga me te atarangi e whakarei ake ana i te pānga whakaari.
3. Venus de Milo (tata ki te rautau 2 BC)
Kei te whakaatuhia i te Whare Taonga o Louvre i Parī tētahi o ngā whakapakoko Kariki rongonui, ko Venus de Milo. E whakaponohia ana kei roto ko Aphrodite (Venus), te atua wahine o te aroha me te ataahua. Ahakoa te ngaronga o ngā ringa e rua, e mau tonu ana te whakanui i a Venus de Milo mō ōna āhua, tōna āhua hurihuri ataahua, me te āhua ora o te mata māpere. E whakaatu ana hoki te mahi toi i te māramatanga o ngā kaitoi Kariki ki te taurite (contrapposto) me te whakaaro pai ki te āhua o te tangata.
4. Laocoön me āna Tama (rautau tuatahi BC/ AD)
Ko tēnei rōpū whakairo, i kitea i Rōma (kei roto i ngā Whare Taonga o Vatican ināianei), e whakaatu ana i te tohunga o Trojan, a Laocoon, me āna tama tokorua e whakaekea ana e te nakahi moana. Ko te mana o tēnei mahi toi kei roto i ōna nekehanga whakaari, ngā whakaaturanga o te mamae, me ōna tito āhua taumaha, whakakorikori. Ko tēnei whakairo te mea nui hei whakaohooho i ngā kaitoi o te Renaissance ki te whakaatu i te hanganga tinana me ngā kare ā-roto tino nui.
5. Te Wahine Tapuhi nā Giovanni Strazza (rautau 19)
He maha ngā kōrero mō tēnei mahi toi mō te āhua mārama o te "arai" māpere e kapi ana i te mata o te wahine. He tohu te Wahine Tapu i te tohungatanga o te tikanga whakairo: te kaha o te kōhatu pakeke ki te hanga i te āhua o te papanga maeneene, me te mea he makuku, he taumaha hoki. Ko tēnei momo mahi toi e hiahiatia ana he tino tika te whakahaere i te whao, inā koa he angiangi te matotoru, me te noho haumaru hoki mai i te pakaru.
He aha i tino rongonui ai te māpere?
Haunga tōna ataahua, he āhua mārama-iti te āhua o te māpere i roto i ngā paparanga angiangi. Mā tēnei pānga ka puta he "kanapa kiri" e whakaatu ana i te āhua tūturu o ngā whakairo tangata ina pā te mārama ki ō rātou mata. He ngāwari hoki te whakairo i te māpere ki te whakaritea ki ngā kōhatu pakeke pērā i te karāneti, ā, he pai mō ngā taipitopito iti. Heoi anō, he wero anō hoki: ka ngoikore pea ngā uaua o te māpere, ā, mā te hapa iti ka kino pea tētahi wāhanga nui o te whakairo.
Ngā Tikanga Hanga Whakairo Māpere
1. Te Kōwhiringa me te Tirotiro i ngā Poraka Māpere
Ka tīmata te tukanga mā te whiriwhiri i te poraka māpere tika i runga i tōna rahi, tōna tae, tōna kakano, me te iti o ngā pakaru. Ka "pānui" ngā kaiwhakairo mohio i ngā uaua o te kōhatu, nā te mea ka pā te ahunga o ngā uaua ki te kaha o ngā wāhanga angiangi pēnei i ngā ringaringa, ngā maihao, ngā kopa rānei o te papanga. Ka ahu mai pea ngā poraka māpere i ngā keri kohatu rongonui, pēnei i a Carrara i Itari—he puna māpere kounga teitei kua roa e whakamahia ana e ngā kaitoi rongonui.
2. Hoahoa: Tuhituhi, Tauira Uku, me te Maquette
I mua i te whakairo i te kōhatu, ka hangaia e ngā kaiwhakairo he tātuhi me ngā tauira toru-ahu i roto i te uku, i te ware pi rānei. Mā ngā tauira iti (maquettes) ka taea e te kaitoi te whakamātautau i te hanganga, ngā ōwehenga, me te nekehanga. Mō ngā mahi nunui ake, ka taea te whakanui ake i ngā tauira ki ngā tauira pāreti rahi-ora. He mea nui tēnei taahiraa nā te mea kāore e taea te "hanga anō" i te māpere i muri i te whakairo—he pumau tonu ngā hapa.
3. Te Tohu me te Ine i te Taurite
Ko te tikanga matarohia mō te whakawhiti āhua mai i te tauira ki te māpere ko te tikanga tohu, mā te whakamahi i te mīhini tohu, i ngā ine ā-ringa rānei. Ka tohua e te kaiwhakairo ngā pūwāhi tohutoro ki te tauira, ka whakawhitia ki te poraka māpere kia tika ai ngā ōwehenga. I ēnei rā, ka taea hoki e te matawai 3D me te miihini CNC te āwhina ki te waihanga i ngā āhua taratara tuatahi, kātahi ka oti ā-ringa kia mau tonu ai te pa o te toi.
4. Te Whakatārewatanga: Te Hanga i te Whakatārewatanga
Ko te wāhanga tuatahi o te whakairo ka kiia ko te roughing, arā, ko te tango i ngā wāhanga nui o te māpere hei tautuhi i te āhua whānui o te whakapakoko. Ko ngā taputapu e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
– He whao koi (he whao koi) hei wawahi i ngā wāhanga nunui.
– He taputapu piro hei tapahi i ngā taha, hei tango hoki i te taha o waho o te poraka.
– He hama rakau hei whiu i ngā whiu kua āta whakaritea.
I tēnei wā, ehara te arotahi i ngā taipitopito, engari ko te whakatau i ngā rahinga matua: te upoko, te tinana, ngā ringa, me te ahunga o te tū.
5. Te Whakairo Waenga: Te Whakamāramatanga Āhua
Kia oti te hanga i te āhua whānui, ka neke te kaiwhakairo ki te whao niho hei hanga i ngā āhua me ngā whakawhiti. Koinei te wāhanga "kimi āhua" āta haere - te whakatū i ngā mata o te kanohi, ngā uaua nui, ngā kopa nui o te papanga, me te taurite o te tinana. He mea nui te manawanui, nā te mea ka taea e te hohoro ki te whakauru i ngā taipitopito te arahi ki ngā ōwehenga hē e uaua ana ki te whakatika.
6. Whakairo Ataahua: Taipitopito me te Whakapuakitanga
Ka oti te wāhanga whakapaipai mā te whakamahi i ngā whao koi, ngā mea whakakoi, me ngā mea whakakoi. Ka taea te hanga āta i ngā taipitopito pēnei i ngā kamo, ngā ngutu, ngā maikuku, ngā whenu makawe, tae atu ki ngā pūwero. Hei hanga i te āhua mārama o te papanga, pērā i te whakapakoko arai, ka ata whakaangahia e te kaiwhakairo te māpere, kia iti noa te matotoru, engari kaua e pakarukaru.
7. Te oro me te whakakanapa
Ko te mahi whakamutunga ko te whakaoti. Ka orohia te mata mā te whakamahi i te kōhatu whakakoi, i te pepa oro rānei, mai i te kirikiri matotoru ki te kirikiri angiangi. Ka taea te oro kia kanapa te māpere, kia paku mārō rānei mō ētahi hua. Ka whakaatahia e te kanapa teitei te māramatanga kaha, ko te mutunga mārō ka hoatu he āhua ngawari, tūturu. Ka pania hoki e ētahi kaiwhakairo he patina māmā, he maimoatanga tiaki rānei, ahakoa ka noho ngoikore tonu te māpere ki ngā waikawa me te huarere.
Te Katinga
Ko ngā whakairo māpere rongonui pērā i a David, Pietà, Venus de Milo, me Laocoön ehara i te mea he mea whakamiharo mō ō rātou kaupapa me te ataahua anake, engari mō te matatau hoki o ngā tikanga kei muri i a rātou. Mai i te whiriwhiri poraka, ki te whakawhiti tauine, ki te whakairo āta haere, ā, ki te whakakanapa whakamutunga, me whai tika, me te wheako, me te māramatanga toi koi i ia taahiraa. Ahakoa he pakeke, he makariri hoki te māpere, ka taea te huri hei āhua mahana, oraora i roto i ngā ringa o te kaiwhakairo. Koia te take, tae noa ki tēnei rā, kei te noho tonu ngā whakairo māpere hei tohu mō te hiranga o te whakairo me te tohu ka taea e te manawanui o te tangata te huri i te kōhatu hei mahi toi mutunga kore.
