Ọdịdị Akwara Etinyere: Nkọwa miri emi nke Akwara Ọkpụkpụ
Akwara bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke sistemu akwara, nke na-eme ka mmegharị ọ bụla dị n'ahụ anyị sie ike. N'ime ụdị akwara dị iche iche, akwara striated, nke a makwaara dị ka akwara ọkpụkpụ, na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa. Isiokwu a ga-enyocha nhazi nke akwara ọkpụkpụ n'ime omimi, site na macroscopic ruo na obere microscopic, ma kọwaa otu o si arụ ọrụ n'ahụ mmadụ.
Okwu Mmalite nke Akwara Striated
A na-akpọ akwara ndị a na-akpọ striated aha n'ihi na ha na-apụta n'okpuru igwe onyonyo, na-egosi usoro nke ahịrị ndị na-agafe agafe (striations) sitere na nhazi ugboro ugboro nke eriri akwara. A na-achịkwa ụdị akwara a n'amaghị ama ma ọ bụ n'afọ ofufo ma jikọọ ya na ọkpụkpụ ahụ site na akwara.
Ọdịdị Macroscopic nke Akwara Striated
N'ọdịdị macroscopic, akwara ọkpụkpụ nwere ọtụtụ ihe nhazi nke ọma:
1. Fascicles: Akwara nwere ọtụtụ eriri akwara a na-akpọ fascicles. A na-eji anụ ahụ jikọtara ọnụ nke a maara dị ka perimysium gbaa gburugburu fascicle ọ bụla.
2. Akpụkpọ Akwara: Nchịkọta nke ọtụtụ fasciculi na-emepụta akwara dum ma anụ ahụ jikọtara ọnụ nke a na-akpọ epimysium kpuchiri ya.
3. Akwara: A na-ejikọ nsọtụ akwara na ọkpụkpụ site na akwara, eriri anụ ahụ siri ike, nke na-agbanwe agbanwe. A na-eji collagen eme akwara, nke na-eguzogide nrụgide nke ukwuu.
Ọdịdị Mikroskopu nke Akwara Striated
Mgbe anyị banyere n'ọkwa dị nta, anyị nwere ike ịchọta nkọwa zuru ezu gbasara ihe mejupụtara akwara striated:
1. Eriri Akwara: Isi ihe dị na akwara striated bụ sel akwara ma ọ bụ eriri akwara, nke dị ogologo ma dị okirikiri. Eriri ndị a nwere ọtụtụ nuclei na mitochondria, nke dị mkpa maka mmepụta ike.
2. Sarcolemma: Akpụkpọ ahụ plasma nke eriri akwara nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịnata ihe mgbaàmà sitere na sistemụ akwara.
3. Sarcoplasm: Cytoplasm nke eriri akwara nwere glycogen na myoglobin, nke dị mkpa maka ịchekwa ike na oxygen.
4. Myofibrils: Eriri akwara ọ bụla nwere ọtụtụ myofibrils, nke a na-emepụta site na nkeji nkewa a na-akpọ sarcomeres.
5. Sarcomere: Nke a bụ obere nkeji myofibril. A na-emepụta ya site na eriri protein actin (dị gịrịgịrị) na myosin (dị oke ibu). Ịmeghachi sarcomeres n'usoro na-eme ka akwara striated dị ka striated.
Ọrụ na Usoro nke Mkpụkọ
Mkpụkọ akwara striated gụnyere mmekọrịta kpọmkwem n'etiti actin na myosin ma ọ bụ ihe mgbaàmà eletriki sitere na akwara moto na-akpali ya. Enwere ike ịkọwa usoro a n'usoro ndị a:
1. Mkpali akwara: Mkpọchi na-amalite mgbe mkpali akwara gafere site na motoneuron gaa na eriri akwara. Mgbe ọ ruru njedebe akwara, mkpali a na-eme ka acetylcholine neurotransmitter tọhapụ ya n'ime oghere synaptic.
2. Mmepụta Ike Ọrụ: Acetylcholine na-ejikọ na ndị na-anabata ihe dị na sarcolemma, na-akpali ikike ime ihe nke na-agbasa n'akụkụ akpụkpọ ahụ, na-abanye na eriri ahụ site na T-tubules wee ruo na sarcoplasmic reticulum.
3. Ntọhapụ Calcium: Ike a na-eme ka mwepụta nke calcium ions site na sarcoplasmic reticulum gaa na sarcoplasm.
4. Mmekọrịta Actin na Myosin: Calcium ion na-ejikọ na troponin na eriri actin, na-akpata mgbanwe ọdịdị nke na-ewepụ tropomyosin site na ebe njikọ myosin dị na actin. Isi myosin nwere ike ijikọ ugbu a na actin, na-emepụta àkwà mmiri.
5. Ike Stroke: Site na iji ATP, isi myosin na-eme mmegharị na-amị amị n'akụkụ actin, na-adọkpụ eriri ndị dị gịrịgịrị gaa n'etiti sarcomere ma na-eme ka ọ gbawaa.
6. Ntụrụndụ: Mgbe mkpụkọ ahụ gasịrị, a na-awụnye ion calcium n'ime sarcoplasmic reticulum, troponin na tropomyosin na-egbochi ebe njikọ ahụ, myosin na-ewepụta actin, akwara ahụ na-alaghachikwa n'ọnọdụ dị jụụ.
Ọrụ nke Akwara Na-agbagharị n'ahụ
Akwara ndị a na-agbagharị agbagharị nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ dị mkpa, gụnyere:
– Mmegharị ahụ: Na-emepụta mmegharị ahụ site n'ịdọpụta ọkpụkpụ site na mkpụkọ.
– Ọdịdị: Ịnọgide na-enwe ọnọdụ ahụ kwụsiri ike.
– Nkwụsi Ike nke Nkwonkwo: Na-enyere aka idobe nkwonkwo n'ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị.
– Mmepụta Okpomọkụ: Na-emepụta okpomọkụ iji nọgide na-enwe okpomọkụ ahụ site na usoro metabolic n'oge mkpụkọ akwara.
Mmeghari na Ahụike nke Akwara Striated
Akwara ndị a gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ nwere ike imeghari ka ha na-eme mmega ahụ. Mmega ahụ mgbe niile nwere ike ime ka akwara dịkwuo elu (hypertrophy), ike, na arụmọrụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, enweghị mmega ahụ nwere ike ibute nkụchi, ma ọ bụ mfu nke oke akwara.
Ọzọkwa, nri kwesịrị ekwesị na mmiri dị mkpa iji nọgide na-enwe ahụ ike nke akwara ndị a na-akpọ striated. Iri protein zuru oke dị mkpa maka mmepụta protein akwara, ebe electrolytes dị ka potassium na calcium dị mkpa maka ọrụ nkwonkwo.
Mmechi
Akwara ndị a na-akpụ akpụ, nke nwere usoro dị mgbagwoju anya na ọrụ dị mkpa ha, bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro akwara mmadụ. Ịghọta usoro na usoro ha na-enye nghọta dị mkpa banyere otu ahụ mmadụ si agagharị ma na-arụ ọrụ. Ịnọgide na-enwe ahụike akwara site na mmega ahụ, nri kwesịrị ekwesị, na nlekọta kwesịrị ekwesị dị mkpa iji hụ na mmegharị na ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị dị mma ná ndụ niile.
