Mgbanwe nke Sekit Ugbu a
Pendahuluan
Sekit eletrik ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe (AC) na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ ngwa eletriki na eletrọniki. Na sekit AC, ike eletriki na-agbanwe ntụziaka mgbe ụfọdụ, n'adịghị ka ike eletriki kpọmkwem (DC), nke na-aga n'otu ụzọ. Isiokwu a ga-akọwa ihe ndị bụ isi nke sekit AC, ihe ndị bụ isi ha, na ụfọdụ ihe atụ bara uru na ojiji nke sekit ndị a na ndụ kwa ụbọchị.
Ụkpụrụ Ndị Dị Mkpa nke Mgbanwe Mgbanwe nke Mgbanwe Ugbu a
Sekit AC na-arụ ọrụ site na iji isi iyi voltaji AC, dị ka jenereta ma ọ bụ isi iyi ike ezinụlọ, nke na-emepụta voltaji n'ụdị ebili mmiri sinusoidal. Ụdị ebili mmiri sinusoidal a nwere njirimara dị mkpa dịka oke (uru kachasị), ugboro ole (ọnụọgụ okirikiri kwa sekọnd), na oge (oge maka otu okirikiri zuru oke).
Isi ihe dị na sekit AC
1. Resistor: Ihe mejupụtara nke na-egbochi mmiri ọkụ eletrik. Na sekit AC, resistor nwere otu uru nguzogide ahụ dịka nke a tụrụ na sekit DC. Voltaji na ọkụ eletrik dị na resistor na-adị mgbe niile na usoro (n'otu usoro ahụ).
2. Capacitor: Ihe mejupụtara ya nke na-echekwa ike n'ụdị ubi eletriki. Capacitor nwere capacitance nke na-atụ ikike ya ịchekwa chajị. Na sekit AC, voltaji gafere capacitor na-ebelata ike site na ogo 90.
3. Inductor: Ihe mejupụtara nke na-echekwa ike n'ụdị magnetik field. Inductor nwere inductor, nke na-atụ ikike ya iguzogide mgbanwe na ugbu a. Na sekit AC, voltaji gafere inductor na-eduga ugbu a site na ogo 90.
4. Transformer: Ngwaọrụ eji eme ka voltaji AC dịkwuo elu ma ọ bụ belata. Transformers na-arụ ọrụ na ụkpụrụ nke induction electromagnetic ma dị mkpa maka nkesa ọkụ eletrik dị anya.
Nnyocha sekit AC dị mfe
Sekit Na-eguzogide
Na sekit AC nke nwere naanị resistors, voltaji na ọkụ eletrik dị n'usoro. Iwu Ohm ka dị irè:
\[V = I \ugboro R \]
ebe \(V \) bụ voltaji, \(I \) bụ ugbu a, na \(R \) bụ iguzogide. Ebe ọ bụ na enweghị mgbanwe nkebi n'etiti voltaji na ugbu a, nyocha nke sekit resistive na AC bụ otu ihe ahụ na nyocha na DC.
Sekit Capacitive
N'ime sekit capacitive, ọkụ eletrik na-eduga voltaji site na ogo 90. Capacitance \(C \) na-emetụta mmeghachi omume capacitive \( X_C \):
\[ X_C = \frac{1}{2 \pi f C} \]
ebe \( f \) bụ ugboro ole isi iyi AC dị. Iwu Ohm maka sekit capacitive bụ:
\[V = I \ugboro X_C \]
Sekit Inductive
N'ime sekit inductive, voltaji ahụ na-eduga ọkụ eletrik site na ogo 90. Induction \( L \) na-emetụta mmeghachi omume inductive \( X_L \):
\[ X_L = 2 \pi f L \]
Iwu Ohm maka sekit inductive bụ:
\[V = I \ugboro X_L \]
Usoro na Parallel Circuits
Sekọndrị Usoro
N'ime usoro sekit, a na-ejikọ ihe mejupụtara ya n'otu ụzọ. Otu ọkụ eletrik ahụ na-agafe na akụkụ ọ bụla, mana voltaji niile bụ mkpokọta voltaji n'ofe ihe niile. Maka sekit nke nwere resistor, capacitor, na inductor, a na-agbakọ mkpokọta impedance \(Z \) dị ka:
\[ Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L – X_C)^2} \]
ebe \(X_L \) bụ mmeghachi omume inductive na \(X_C \) bụ mmeghachi omume capacitive.
Sekit Parallel
N'ime sekit parallel, a na-ejikọ ihe mejupụtara ya n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. A na-etinye otu voltaji ahụ n'ime ihe niile, mana mkpokọta ọkụ eletrik bụ mkpokọta ọkụ eletrik dị n'ụzọ ọ bụla. A na-agbakọ mkpokọta mgbochi maka sekit parallel dị ka:
\[ \frac{1}{Z} = \sqrt{\left( \frac{1}{R} \right)^2 + \left( \frac{1}{X_L} – \frac{1}{X_C} \right)^2} \]
Ihe Ike
Ike ihe bụ ihe nha nke arụmọrụ nke sekit AC ma a kọwakwara ya dị ka oke nke ike ezigbo (P) na ike a na-ahụ anya (S):
\[ \text{Ike Ihe Nleba Anya} = \frac{P}{S} = \cos \phi \]
ebe \( \phi \) bụ akụkụ nkebi dị n'etiti voltaji na ugbu a. Ihe kacha mma maka ike bụ 1 (ma ọ bụ 100%), nke pụtara na ejiri ike niile isi iyi ahụ na-enye nke ọma.
Ojiji Bara Uru nke Circuit AC
1. Sistemụ Nkesa Eletriki: Grid ike mba na-eji sekit AC iji zipu ike site na ụlọ ọrụ ike nye ndị ahịa. A na-eji transformers eme ka voltaji dịkwuo elu maka nnyefe dị irè karị ma weghachite ya maka ojiji obibi na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.
2. Ngwa Ụlọ: Ọtụtụ ngwa ụlọ, dịka telivishọn, friji, na oven microwave, na-eji sekit AC arụ ọrụ.
3. Moto Eletriki: A na-eji moto AC induction eme ihe nke ukwuu n'ụlọ ọrụ n'ihi ntụkwasị obi na arụmọrụ ha. Moto ndị a na-agbanwe ike eletriki ka ọ bụrụ ike igwe maka ọtụtụ ọrụ, dịka igwe ịkwọ ụgbọala na ngwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.
4. Ọkụ: Sistemụ ọkụ ọgbara ọhụrụ na-eji sekit AC arụ ọrụ oriọna incandescent, fluorescent, na LED. AC na-enye ohere ka mgbanwe voltaji dị mfe iji chịkwaa ike ọkụ.
5. Sistemụ Ntụ oyi: A na-eji ihe ntụ oyi eme ihe na sistemu ntụ oyi na ikpo ọkụ iji chịkwaa okpomọkụ dị n'ime ụlọ. Moto AC na-ejikarị igwe compressor na fan dị na sistemu ndị a.
Uru na Mmachi nke sekit AC
Keuntungan
1. Ọrụ Nzipu: sekit AC na-enye ohere nnyefe ike dị anya na obere mfu ike site na iji transformers.
2. Mfe nke Mgbanwe Voltaji: Transformers na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ịgbanwe voltaji dịka ọ dị mkpa, ma maka nnyefe na ojiji njedebe.
3. Ndakọrịta: E mepụtara ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ eletriki na eletrọniki ka ha na AC rụọ ọrụ, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ọkọlọtọ zuru ụwa ọnụ.
Oke
1. Ihe Ize Ndụ Voltaji Dị Elu: Voltaji AC dị elu nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ nye ụmụ mmadụ na anụmanụ, nke chọrọ usoro nchekwa ọzọ.
2. Mgbochi Elektrọnik: Sekit AC nwere ike ibute nsogbu na ngwa elektrọnik dị nro, nke chọrọ nchekwa ọzọ dịka ihe nchekwa na nzacha.
3. Ike Mmeghachi Omume: Ọnụnọ nke ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ike dị na sekit AC nwere ike ibute ike mmeghachi omume, na-ebelata arụmọrụ ma chọọ nkwụghachi site na capacitors ma ọ bụ reactors.
Mmechi
Mgbanwe sekit eletriki bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke sistemụ eletriki nke oge a. Ịghọta ihe ndị bụ isi na ụkpụrụ ọrụ nke sekit AC na-enye anyị ohere imepụta ma rụọ ọrụ ọtụtụ ngwa eletriki nwere arụmọrụ dị elu na ntụkwasị obi. N'agbanyeghị ihe ịma aka na oke, uru na mgbanwe nke sekit AC na-eme ka ha bụrụ nhọrọ kachasị elu n'ọtụtụ ngwa, site na nkesa ike ruo ojiji kwa ụbọchị n'ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ. Ihe ọmụma nke sekit AC na-enye anyị ohere iji ike eletrik nke ọma na nchekwa.
