Otu Transformers si arụ ọrụ iji gbanwee voltaji eletriki
Transformers (a na-akpọkarị "transformers") bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị kacha mkpa na sistemụ ike eletrik nke oge a. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ netwọk nnyefe na nkesa ọkụ eletrik niile na-eji transformers iji gbanwee voltaji ka e wee nwee ike izipu ọkụ eletrik nke ọma n'ebe dị anya, wee gbadaa ya ruo voltaji dị mma maka ojiji ezinụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Na-enweghị transformers, njem site na ụlọ ọrụ ike ruo na ebe ọkụ eletrik nke ụlọ ga-abụ ihe efu, dị oke ọnụ, ma dị ize ndụ.
Ịghọta Transformers na Ọrụ Ha
Transformer bụ ngwaọrụ eletriki nke na-agbanwe (na-amụba ma ọ bụ na-ebelata) voltaji nke ọkụ eletrik (AC) na-agbanweghị ugboro ole ọ na-agbanwe. Transformers na-arụ ọrụ na ụkpụrụ nke induction electromagnetic, nke bụ usoro e si emepụta ike electromotive (EMF) n'otu coil n'ihi mgbanwe na flux magnetik site na coil ọzọ.
N'ozuzu, transformers nwere ọrụ abụọ bụ isi:
1. Ịbawanye voltaji (transformer steepụ): eji ya n'akụkụ jenereta ma ọ bụ ebe nchekwa ụfọdụ iji mee ka voltaji ahụ dịkwuo obere ka ọkụ eletrik wee belata mfu ike n'oge nnyefe.
2. Ibelata voltaji (transformer steepụ-down): A na-eji ya nso onye ahịa ka voltaji ahụ wee dị ala ma dịkwa mma maka iji ya na ngwa eletriki.
Tinyere nke ahụ, e nwere transformers nkewapụrụ iche nke na-achọ ikewapụ sekit ahụ maka nchekwa na mbelata nnyonye anya, ọbụlagodi na voltaji ntinye na mmepụta nwere ike ịbụ otu.
Akụkụ Ndị Dị Mkpa nke Transformer
Iji ghọta otu o si arụ ọrụ, ọ dị mkpa ịmata akụkụ bụ isi nke transformer:
– Isi eriri: eriri ejikọrọ na isi iyi voltaji AC (ntinye).
– Ogidi nke abụọ: ogidi nke ejikọtara na ibu (mmepụta).
– Isi ígwè: ihe na-eme ka ọ dị ka ferromagnetic nke na-eduzi mmiri magnetik maka induction dị irè. A na-ejikarị ihe e ji silicon steel laminates eme ya iji belata mfu nke ọkụ eletrik.
– Mkpuchi: ihe mkpuchi nke na-ekewapụ eriri ndị ahụ iji gbochie sekit dị mkpụmkpụ.
– Mmanụ Transformer (na transformers ike): na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị jụụ na ihe na-egbochi ihe.
N'ọtụtụ buru ibu (transformers na substations), ihe ndị ọzọ gụnyere radiators oyi, ihe nchekwa, bushings, na ihe mgbanwe ọkpọkọ maka nhazi voltaji.
Ụkpụrụ bụ isi: Ntinye elektrọnik
Transformers na-arụ ọrụ n'ihi na ọkụ eletrik na-agbanwe agbanwe na kọlụm mbụ na-emepụta oghere magnet na-agbanwe agbanwe na isi ígwè. Ọdụ magnet a na-agbanwe agbanwe na-akpata mgbanwe na ọkụ magnet, nke "na-asọ" site na isi ahụ ma na-ebelata ntụgharị nke kọlụm nke abụọ. N'ihi na ọkụ magnet na-agbanwe mgbe niile (n'ihi ọkụ eletrik AC), a na-akpali voltaji na kọlụm nke abụọ.
Ụkpụrụ a nwere njikọ chiri anya na iwu Faraday nke itinye electromagnetic: voltaji a na-akpali na-apụta mgbe enwere mgbanwe na flux magnet na sekit waya na-agbagharị.
Isi ihe dị mkpa ị ga-emesi ike: transformers anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma na ọkụ eletrik kpọmkwem (DC). Mgbe enyere ya na DC, ọkụ eletrik na-anaghị agbanwe agbanwe (mgbe ọnọdụ mbụ gasịrị), yabụ voltaji kwụsiri ike anaghị akpata ya na coil nke abụọ. Ọzọkwa, inye DC nwere ike ime ka isi ya ju ma mee ka ọ na-ekpo oke ọkụ.
Ntụnyere nke voltaji na ọnụọgụ nke ntụgharị
Isi ihe dị mkpa maka mgbanwe voltaji nke transformer dị na oke ọnụọgụ nke ntụgharị nke coils mbụ na nke abụọ. N'ụzọ kachasị mma, usoro a na-emetụta:
\[
\frac{V_s}{V_p} = \frac{N_s}{N_p}
\]
Ozi:
– \(V_s\) = voltaji nke abụọ (mwepụta)
– \(V_p\) = voltaji mbụ (ntinye)
– \(N_s\) = ọnụọgụ nke ntụgharị nke abụọ
– \(N_p\) = ọnụọgụ nke ntụgharị mbụ
Nke a pụtara na ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ nke ntụgharị nke abụọ karịrị nke mbụ, voltaji ahụ ga-abawanye (ntinye-elu). Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ nke ntụgharị nke abụọ pere mpe, voltaji ahụ ga-ebelata (ntinye-ala).
Ihe atụ dị mfe:
– Ọ bụrụ na transformer ahụ nwere ntụgharị \(N_p = 100\) na ntụgharị \(N_s = 50\), mgbe ahụ \(V_s = 0{,}5 V_p\). Ya mere, voltaji ahụ na-ada site na ọkara.
– Ọ bụrụ na \(N_p = 200\) atụgharịa ma \(N_s = 800\) atụgharịa, mgbe ahụ \(V_s = 4 V_p\). Voltaji ahụ na-abawanye okpukpu anọ.
Mmekọrịta dị ugbu a: Voltaji elu, mbelata ugbu a
N'ime transformer zuru oke, ike ntinye ahụ hà nhata ike mmepụta (na-enweghị mfu):
\[
P_p = P_s
\]
\[
V_p I_p = V_s I_s
\]
Ọ bụrụ na voltaji amụbaa, ọkụ eletrik ga-ebelata, nke a ga-ebelatakwa. Nke a bụ isi ihe mere transformers ji dị oke mkpa na nnyefe ike dị anya. Mfu ike na waya na-abụkarị n'ụdị okpomọkụ ma hà nhata na square nke ọkụ eletrik:
\[
P_{mfu} = I^2 R
\]
Site n'ịbawanye voltaji ahụ, enwere ike ibelata ọkụ eletrik ahụ, si otú a na-ebelata mfu nke ukwuu (I^2R). Ya mere, a na-amụbakarị ọkụ eletrik sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ike ruo iri ruo narị kilovolt maka nnyefe, wee belata nwayọ nwayọ ọzọ tupu erute ebe obibi.
Gịnị mere i ji chọọ isi ígwè?
Enwere ike ime transformers na-enweghị isi (isi ikuku), mana arụmọrụ ha dị ala n'ihi na mmiri magnetik na-abanye n'ikuku ngwa ngwa. Isi ígwè ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ụzọ maka mmiri magnetik, na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ịnyagharịa karịa ikuku, na-elekwasị anya na ubi magnetik ma na-ebelata ọtụtụ windings nke abụọ. N'ihi ya, mbufe ike site na isi gaa na nke abụọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma karịa.
A na-ejikarị mpempe akwụkwọ dị gịrịgịrị (laminates) eme isi transformer nke e ji akwa kpuchie ya nke nwere mkpuchi n'etiti ha. Usoro lamination a dị mkpa iji belata mmiri ọkụ, nke bụ mmiri ọkụ gburugburu dị n'ime isi nke na-emepụta okpomọkụ ma na-ebelata arụmọrụ.
Mfu na Real Transformers
N'ọnọdụ dị adị, transformer anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma 100%. E nwere ọtụtụ ọghọm dị mkpa:
1. Mfu ọla kọpa
Ọ bụ nguzogide waya na eriri ndị bụ isi na nke abụọ kpatara ya, na-akpata okpomọkụ (\(I^2R\)).
2. Mfu isi
Ihe mejupụtara mfu hysteresis (n'ihi mgbanwe magnetization nke isi) na mfu eddy (eddy currents na isi ígwè).
3. Mfu ntapu mmiri
Ọ bụghị mmiri magnetik niile sitere na isi na-agafe na nke abụọ; ụfọdụ "na-agbapụta" site na isi.
4. Mfu igwe na oyi
Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụda mkpọtụ (mkpọtụ isi) na ike nke sistemụ oyi chọrọ na nnukwu transformers.
Agbanyeghị, transformers nke oge a nwere ike inwe arụmọrụ dị elu nke ukwuu, nke na-adịkarị karịa 95% ma ọbụna na-eru 99% na ụfọdụ ibu.
Ụdị Transformers dị na Ndụ Kwa Ụbọchị
A na-ahụ Transformers n'ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ:
– Adapta/chaja (ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọgbara ọhụrụ na-ejikarị SMPS, enwere "transformer" ugboro ugboro dị elu n'ime)
- Transformers nkesa na ogidi ọkụ eletrik ma ọ bụ obere ọdụ dị nso na ụlọ
- Ndị na-agbanwe ụda na ngwaọrụ ụfọdụ maka ndakọrịta impedance
- Mgbanwe nkewa na gburugburu ahụike ma ọ bụ ụlọ nyocha
– Transformers ngwaọrụ dịka CT (transformer ugbu a) na PT/VT (transformer nwere ike/voltaji) maka nha na nchekwa
A na-emepụta nke ọ bụla dịka ihe achọrọ maka ọkwa voltaji, ugbu a, ugboro ugboro na ọkwa mkpuchi si dị.
Mmechi
Transformers na-arụ ọrụ dabere na electromagnetic induction: mgbanwe ọkụ eletrik (AC) dị na primary coil na-emepụta mgbanwe magnetik flux na isi, nke na-akpali voltaji na nke abụọ coil. A na-ekpebi voltaji mmepụta site na oke nke ọnụọgụ nke ntụgharị mbụ na nke abụọ. Site na ikike ịbawanye ma ọ bụ belata voltaji nke ọma, transformers bụ isi ihe ndabere nke sistemụ eletriki nke oge a - site na nnyefe dị anya na-efu obere ruo na ojiji nchekwa na ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ.
Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ, enwere m ike ịmepụta ụdị teknụzụ ka mma nke isiokwu a (na mkparịta ụka gbasara sekit ndị yiri ya, nhazi voltaji, na arụmọrụ), ma ọ bụ ụdị dị mfe maka ụmụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na sekọndrị.
