Transformers na Hydroelectric Power Plants: Mgbanwe Voltaji maka Nkesa Ike
A maara ụlọ ọrụ ike hydroelectric (PLTA) dị ka ebe a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi, dị irè, ma dịkwa mma maka gburugburu ebe obibi. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụghị naanị mmiri dị na arụmọrụ nke onye na-emepụta turbine na-ekpebi ihe ịga nke ọma nke ụlọ ọrụ ike hydroelectric. N'azụ usoro mmepụta ọkụ eletrik, enwere ihe dị mkpa nke na-eme ka ike eletrik emepụtara kesaa nke ọma n'ụlọ, ụlọ ọrụ, na ụlọ ọrụ ọha: transformer. Transformers na-arụ ọrụ n'ịgbanwe ọkwa voltaji iji dabara na nnyefe na nkesa dị anya nye ndị ahịa. Isiokwu a na-atụle ọrụ, ụdị, ụkpụrụ ọrụ, na ọrụ atụmatụ nke transformers na sistemụ ike hydroelectric.
Ọrụ nke Transformers na Chain Hydroelectric Power
N'ozuzu, ụlọ ọrụ ike hydroelectric (PLTA) na-amalite site na mmiri na-asọfe n'ime penstock wee tụgharịa turbine. Turbine ahụ na-akwali jenerato iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik. Voltaji mmepụta nke jenerato hydroelectric (PLTA) na-abụkarị nke dị n'etiti (dịka ọmụmaatụ, 6,6 kV, 11 kV, 13,8 kV, ma ọ bụ 20 kV), dabere na imewe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.
Nsogbu dị na ya bụ na izipu ọkụ eletrik n'etiti voltaji n'ebe dị anya na-ebute nnukwu mfu ike. Nke a bụ ebe transformers na-aghọ ihe dị mkpa. Site n'ịbawanye voltaji (nkwalite elu), enwere ike ibelata ọkụ eletrik maka otu ike ahụ, si otú a na-ebelata mfu na eriri nnyefe. Ozugbo ọkụ eletrik rutere ebe a na-ebu ibu, transformer ọzọ na-agbada voltaji ahụ ruo n'ọkwa dị mma ma dabara adaba maka netwọk nkesa na ojiji ndị ahịa.
Gịnị mere e ji kwesị ịgbanwe voltaji?
N'ime sistemụ ike eletrik, ike na-arụ ọrụ nwere ike ịghọta site na mmekọrịta bụ isi:
P = V × M
Iji zipu otu ike P ahụ, ọ bụrụ na voltaji V amụbaa, mgbe ahụ ugbu a I na-ebelata. Mfu na ndị na-eduzi nnyefe bụkarị n'ụdị kpo oku (mfu) ego nke kwekọrọ na:
Ploss = I² × R
Nke a pụtara na ọ bụrụ na e belata ọkụ eletrik, mfu na-ebelata n'ụzọ anọ. Ya mere, ịbawanye voltaji bụ atụmatụ dị mkpa maka nnyefe ike dị anya nke ọma. Transformers na-eme ka usoro a nwee obere mfu, na-enye ohere ka sistemụ ike rụọ ọrụ n'ụzọ akụ na ụba.
Ụkpụrụ Ọrụ Transformer
Transformers na-arụ ọrụ dabere na electromagnetic induction. Isi ihe dị na transformer nwere:
1. Isi eriri: na-enweta voltaji site na isi iyi (dịka ọmụmaatụ jenerato).
2. Ogidi nke abụọ: na-emepụta voltaji mmepụta achọrọ.
3. Isi ferromagnetic: ụzọ ntụgharị magnetik iji mee ka njikọ magnetik dị n'etiti isi na nke abụọ sikwuo ike.
Mgbe ọkụ eletrik na-agbanwe agbanwe (AC) na-agafe na kọlụm mbụ, a na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ime isi ya. Ọkụ eletrik na-agbanwe agbanwe a na-akpali voltaji na kọlụm nke abụọ. A na-ekpebi oke voltaji site na oke ọnụọgụ nke ntụgharị:
V₁ / V₂ = N₁ / N₂
Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ nke ntụgharị nke abụọ karịrị nke mbụ, voltaji ahụ ga-abawanye (nzọụkwụ-elu). Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị obere, voltaji ahụ ga-ebelata (nzọụkwụ-ala). N'ihi na transformers na-arụ ọrụ na AC, enwere ike "nyefe" ike n'etiti coils na-enweghị kọntaktị eletriki kpọmkwem, nke na-emekwa ka nchekwa na ịnọpụ iche ka mma.
Transformer nke Steep-Up na Substation nke Hydroelectric Power Plant
Ụdị transformer kachasị mkpa n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ike hydroelectric bụ transformer step-up, nke a na-ahụkarị n'ebe a na-agbanwe ọkụ ma ọ bụ ebe a na-agbanye ọkụ. Ọrụ ya bụ ịbawanye voltaji mmepụta nke jenereta ruo voltaji nnyefe, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ruo 70 kV, 150 kV, 275 kV, ma ọ bụ ọbụna 500 kV, dabere na sistemụ netwọk enyere.
N'oge a, a ga-emepụta transformer ahụ iji guzogide ọnọdụ ọrụ siri ike, gụnyere:
– Ibu buru ibu ma na-aga n'ihu dịka ikike jenereta si dị.
- Nsogbu sistemụ dịka àmụ̀mà, mmụba voltaji, ma ọ bụ obere sekit dị na netwọk ahụ.
– Ihe achọrọ maka mkpuchi dị elu n'ihi oke voltaji ọrụ.
– Ọjụjụ dị irè n'ihi na mfu ọla kọpa na mfu isi na-emepụta okpomọkụ.
Ndị na-agbanwe ike n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ike eletrik na-ejikarị mmanụ transformer eme ihe dị ka ihe mkpuchi na ihe na-ekpo ọkụ. Sistemụ oyi nwere ike ịbụ ONAN (Mmanụ Mmanụ Natural Ikuku Natural), ONAF (Mmanụ Mmanụ Natural Ikuku Natural), ma ọ bụ OFAF (Mmanụ Mmanụ Na-atụnye n'Ikuku), dabere na mmepụta ike na ọnọdụ ọrụ.
Nhazi nke Transformer Unit na Ọgbọ
N'ime nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ike hydroelectric, a na-ejikarị nhazi nkeji jenera-transformer eme ihe, ebe otu jenera na-ejikọ ozugbo na otu transformer isi nzọụkwụ-elu. Nhazi a na-eme ka ntụkwasị obi dịkwuo mma ma na-eme ka nchebe dị mfe, ebe ọ bụ na ọdịda na otu unit anaghị emechi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dum.
Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike iji transformers ndị ọzọ dịka:
– Transformer Ọrụ Ọdụ: na-enye mkpa dị n'ime nke ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri (pumps, sistemu njikwa, ọkụ, oyi, valvụ, wdg).
– Transformer Enyemaka: na-enye ibu enyemaka n'oge mmalite ma ọ bụ mgbe otu ngwaọrụ anaghị arụ ọrụ.
– Transformer nke na-eme ka ala dị ala (n'ụdị ụfọdụ): na-enyere aka na ntọala sistemụ na nkwụsi ike ọrụ.
Transformer Nzọụkwụ-Isi maka Nkesa Ike
Mgbe ike eletrik na-agafe na oke voltaji ma ruo ebe ibu dị, a ga-ebelata voltaji ahụ nwayọ nwayọ. Usoro mbelata a na-eme na ebe nnyefe na nkesa, ruo mgbe ọ ruru voltaji ndị ahịa na-eji, dịka ọmụmaatụ:
– Voltaji nkesa dị n'etiti: 20 kV ma ọ bụ 11 kV
– Voltaji dị ala maka ezinụlọ: 230/400 V (dabere na ọkọlọtọ mpaghara)
Ọ bụ ezie na transformers ndị na-agbada steepụ anaghị adị na ụlọ ọrụ ike hydroelectric, ha ka bụ akụkụ nke usoro ike nke na-amalite na ụlọ ọrụ ike hydroelectric. Na-enweghị transformers nkesa, enweghị ike iji ọkụ eletrik n'enweghị nsogbu ma dakọọ na ngwa ndị ahịa.
Nchedo na Ntụkwasị Obi nke Transformers na Osisi Ike Mmiri
Ebe ọ bụ na transformer dị oke ọnụ ma dịkwa mkpa, sistemụ nchekwa ha dị oke mkpa. Transformer ike hydroelectric nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị a:
– Buchholz relay: na-achọpụta gas n'ihi nsogbu dị n'ime nke transformers mmanụ.
– Nchedo dị iche iche (87T): na-achọpụta ọdịiche dị na ọkụ eletrik praịmarị na nke sekọndrị nke na-egosi mmejọ dị n'ime.
– Nchedo oke mmiri na nsogbu ụwa: nchedo megide nsogbu oke mmiri na nke ala.
- Nlekota okpomọkụ: na-enyocha okpomọkụ nke mmanụ na windings iji gbochie oke okpomọkụ.
– Ihe njide elu: na-eguzogide oke voltaji n'ihi àmụ̀mà ma ọ bụ mgbanwe.
E wezụga nchekwa, mmezi oge niile dị oke mkpa maka ogologo oge nke transformer. Nnwale mma mmanụ (DGA—Nyocha Gas Agbazere), nha iguzogide mkpuchi, ule nha ntụgharị, na nyocha sistemụ oyi bụ ihe a na-emekarị iji gbochie ọdịda.
Arụmọrụ na Mmetụta Akụnụba
Transformers nke oge a nwere arụmọrụ dị elu, nke na-adịkarị karịa 98–99% n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ibu. Agbanyeghị, n'ihi na transformers na-arụ ọrụ mgbe niile, ọbụlagodi obere mfu nwere ike inwe nnukwu mmetụta na ike kwa afọ na ọnụ ahịa ọrụ. Ụdị mfu abụọ bụ isi bụ:
1. Mfu isi: ọ na-eme ọbụlagodi na-enweghị ibu, nke ihe dị n'ime na voltaji metụtara.
2. Mfu ọla kọpa: na-abawanye ka ibu na-abawanye n'ihi mmetụta nke ọkụ eletrik na winding.
N'ihe gbasara ụlọ ọrụ ike eletrik hydroelectric, nke na-arụkarị ọrụ dị ka ihe na-emepụta ibu isi ma ọ bụ ihe na-achịkwa ibu, atụmatụ njikwa ọrụ transformer—dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịhọrọ ikike kwesịrị ekwesị na ijide n'aka na oyi kacha mma—nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na arụmọrụ sistemụ dum.
Mmechi
Transformers bụ ihe dị mkpa na ụlọ ọrụ ike eletrik hydroelectric, na-ejikọta usoro mmepụta ọkụ eletrik na mkpa nke nnyefe na nkesa ike. Site na ikike ịbawanye voltaji na njedebe mmepụta (nkwalite) na ịkwado mbelata voltaji nso onye ahịa (nkwalite-ala), transformers na-ahụ na nkesa ike dị irè, nchekwa, na ntụkwasị obi. Karịa ọrụ mbụ ha nke mgbanwe voltaji, transformers na ụlọ ọrụ ike eletrik hydroelectric ga-enwekwa ike iguzogide ihe ịma aka nke ọrụ siri ike, nwee nchekwa siri ike, ma na-akwado ya site na mmezi oge niile iji hụ na a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ogologo oge.
N'ikpeazụ, turbine na jenereta na-emepụta "ọkụ eletrik", mana transformer na-eme ka ọkụ eletrik ahụ gaa ebe dị anya ma bụrụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Ọ bụrụ na transformer adịghị, ike hydroelectric ga-esiri ike iru obodo ndị dị irè—na-eme ka transformer bụrụ isi ihe dị mkpa na sistemụ ike eletrik nke oge a.
