Iwu gas zuru oke

Iwu gas nke Boyle, iwu Charles na Gay-Lussac anaghị emetụta ọnọdụ gas niile, yabụ nyocha anyị na-esikwu ike. Ya mere, anyị gosipụtara ụdị gas kacha mma. Gas kacha mma adịghị adị na ndụ kwa ụbọchị; gas kacha mma bụ ụdị zuru oke iji mee ka nyocha dị mfe. Ịdị adị nke echiche gas zuru oke a na-enyekwara anyị aka n'ịtụle mmekọrịta dị n'etiti iwu atọ nke gas.

Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti okpomọkụ, olu, na nrụgide gas

Site n'izo aka na iwu gas atọ dị n'elu, anyị nwere ike inweta mmekọrịta zuru oke n'etiti okpomọkụ, olu, na nrụgide gas.

P ₁ = nrụgide mbụ (Pa ma ọ bụ N/m ² ), P ₂ = nrụgide ikpeazụ (Pa ma ọ bụ N/m ² ), V ₁ = olu mbụ (m ³ ), V ₂ = olu ikpeazụ (m ³ ), T ₁ = okpomọkụ mbụ (K), T ₂ = okpomọkụ njedebe (K)

(Pa = pascal, N = Newton, m ² = square mita, m ³ = cubic mita, K = Kelvin)

Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti oke gas (m) na olu (V)

Ka ikuku a na-etinye n'ime roba balụn ahụ na-amụba, otú ahụ ka balụn ahụ na-amụba. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ka oke gas ahụ na-abawanye, otú ahụ ka olu balụn ahụ na-abawanye. Anyị nwere ike ikwu na oke gas (m) kwekọrọ kpọmkwem na olu gas (V).

Ọnụọgụ nke ntụpọ (n)

1 mole = oke nke ihe hà nhata oke molekul nke ihe ahụ. Oke na oke oxygen molekul dị iche.

Ihe atụ nke 1, oke molekul oxygen (O2 ₎ = 16 u + 16 u = 32 u (molekul oxygen ọ bụla nwere atọm oxygen abụọ, ebe atọm oxygen ọ bụla nwere oke 16 u). Ya mere, molekul O2 _nwere oke gram 32. Ma ọ bụ oke molekul nke O2 ₌ gram 32 / mol = 32 kg/kmol.

Ihe atụ nke abụọ, oke molekul nke carbon monooxide gas (CO) = 12 u + 16 u = 28 u (molekul nke carbon monoxide ọ bụla nwere 1 carbon atom (C) na 1 oxygen atom (O). Oke 1 carbon atom = 12 u na oke 1 oxygen atom = 16 u. 12 u + 16 u = 28 u). Ya mere, 1 molekul nke CO nwere oke gram 28. Ma ọ bụ oke molekul nke CO = gram 28/mol = 28 kg/kmol.

Ihe atụ nke atọ, oke molekul nke gas carbon dioxide (CO2) = [12 u + (2 x 16 u)] = [12 u + 32 u] = 44 u (molekul carbon dioxide ọ bụla nwere otu atọm carbon (C) na atọm oxygen abụọ (O). Oke 1 atọm carbon = 12 u na oke 1 atọm oxygen = 16 u). Ya mere, 1 molekul nke CO2 _nwere oke gram 44. Ma ọ bụ oke molekul nke CO2 ₌ gram 44/mol = 44 kg/kmol.

Ọnụọgụ nke moles (n) nke ihe = oke oke nke ihe ahụ na oke molekulu ya. N'ime mgbakọ na mwepụ:

Ajụjụ 1:

Gbakọọ ọnụọgụ nke mole ndị ahụ na 64 g nke _O2

_Oke O2 = gram 64

Oke molekul nke O2 ₌ gram 32/mol

Ajụjụ 2:

Gbakọọ ọnụọgụ nke ntụpọ ojii na gram 280 nke CO

Oke CO = gram 280

Oke molekul nke CO = gram 28/mol

Ajụjụ 3:

Gbakọọ ọnụọgụ nke mole ndị ahụ na gram 176 nke _CO2

_Oke CO2 = gram 176

Oke molekul nke CO2 ₌ gram 44/mol

Igwe gas zuru ụwa ọnụ (R)

Dabere na nnyocha ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mere, achọpụtara na ọ bụrụ na ejiri ọnụọgụgụ moles (n) gosipụta nha nke ihe, mgbe ahụ mgbanwe nke ntụnyere maka gas ọ bụla nwere otu uru. Mgbanwe kwekọrọ na ya bụ mgbanwe gas zuru ụwa ọnụ (R).

R = 8.315 J/mol. K

= 8315 kJ / kmol. K

= 0.0821 (L.atm) / (mol. K)

= 1.99 kalori / mol. K

(J = Joule, K = Kelvin, L = lita, atm = ikuku, cal = kalori)

IWU GAS KACHASỊ MMA (n'ọnụọgụgụ mole)

Enwere ike ịgbanwe ntụnyere dị n'elu ka ọ bụrụ nha nhata site na itinye ọnụọgụ nke moles (n) na constants gas zuru ụwa ọnụ (R).

PV = n RT

A na-akpọ usoro nhazi a iwu gas zuru oke ma ọ bụ usoro nhazi steeti gas zuru oke.

P = nrụgide gas (N/ ^m2 )

V = olu nke gas ( ^m3 )

n = ọnụọgụ nke ntụpọ (mole)

R = ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe gas zuru ụwa ọnụ (R = 8.315 J/mol. K)

T = okpomọkụ zuru oke nke gas (K)

N'ịdozi nsogbu ahụ, ị ​​ga-ahụ okwu bụ́ STP. STP bụ Okpomọkụ na Nrụgide Ọkwa.

Okpomọkụ ọkọlọtọ (T) = 0 ^o C = 273 K

Nrụgide ọkọlọtọ (P) = 1 atm = 1.013 x 10 ⁵ N / m ² = 1.013 x 10 ² kPa = 101 kPa

N'ịdozi okwu gbasara iwu gas, a ga-egosipụta okpomọkụ ahụ na nha Kelvin (K). Ọ bụrụ na nrụgide gas ka bụ nrụgide nha, gbanwee ya na mbụ gaa na nrụgide zuru oke. Nrụgide zuru oke = nrụgide ikuku + nrụgide nha. Ọ bụrụ na a maara ya bụ nrụgide ikuku (enweghị nrụgide nha), dozie nsogbu ahụ.

Ajụjụ 1:

N'ọnọdụ nrụgide ikuku (101 kPa), okpomọkụ nke gas carbon dioxide = 20 ^oC na olu ya = lita 2. Ọ bụrụ na a gbanwee nrụgide ahụ ka ọ bụrụ 201 kPa ma okpomọkụ ahụ amụbaa ruo 40 °C, gbakọọ olu ikpeazụ nke gas carbon dioxide.

ngwọta

P ₁ = 101 kPa

P ₂ = 201 kPa

T ₁ = 20 ^o C + 273 K = 293 K

T ₂ = 40 ^o C + 273 K = 313 K

V ₁ = lita 2

Ajụjụ 2:

Chọpụta olu nke mole abụọ nke gas na STP (gas a bụ gas kacha mma)

ngwọta

Ajụjụ 3:

Olu nke ikuku oxygen na STP = 20 m ^3. Gbakọọ oke ikuku oxygen.

ngwọta

Olu nke 1 mole nke gas na STP = lita 22.4 = 22.4 dm ³ = 22.4 x 10 ^-3 m ³ (22.4 x 10 ^-3 m ³ /mol)

Olu nke ikuku oxygen na STP = 20 m ³

Oke nke molekul oxygen = gram 32 / mol (oke nke molekul oxygen 1 = gram 32). Ya mere, oke ikuku oxygen bụ:

oke (m) = ọnụọgụ nke moles (n) x oke moles

oke = (893 mol) x (32 grams / mol) = gram 28576 = 28.576 kg

Ajụjụ 4:

Tankị nwere lita oxygen anọ (O2 ₎ . Okpomọkụ oxygen bụ = 20 ^oC na nrụgide a tụrụ bụ = 20 x 10 ⁵ N/m2 ^. Chọpụta oke oxygen ( Molecular molecular tyle oxygen = 32 kg/kmol = 32 gram/mol).

ngwọta

P = P atm + P atụnyere = (1 x 10 ⁵ N/m ² ) + (20 x 10 ⁵ N/m ² ) = 21 x 10 ⁵ N/m ²

T = 20 ^o C + 273 = 293 K

V = lita 4 = 4 dm ³ = 4 x 10 ^-3 m ³

R = 8.315 J/mol. K = 8.315 Nm/mol. K

Oke oxygen nke molekul = 32 kg/kmol = gram 32/mol

O ₂ oke?

IWU GAS KACHASỊ MMA (N'ọnụọgụgụ nke molekul)

Ọ bụrụ na anyị ekwuo nha nke ihe ahụ ọ bụghị n'ụdị oke (m), kama n'ọnụọgụgụ moles (n), mgbe ahụ gas constant (R) zuru ụwa ọnụ metụtara gas niile. Amadeo Avogadro (1776-1856), ọkà mmụta sayensị Itali, chọpụtara ya na mbụ.

Avogadro kwuru na mgbe olu, nrụgide, na okpomọkụ nke gas ọ bụla hà nhata, gas ọ bụla nwere otu ọnụọgụgụ nke molekul.

Echiche Avogadro kwekọrọ na eziokwu ahụ bụ na R na-agbanwe agbanwe bụ otu ihe maka gas niile. Lee ụfọdụ ihe akaebe:

Nke mbụ, ọ bụrụ na anyị edozi nsogbu ahụ site na iji usoro iwu gas zuru oke (PV = nRT), anyị ga-achọpụta na mgbe ọnụọgụgụ moles (n) hà nhata,

nrụgide na okpomọkụ yikwara otu, mgbe ahụ olu nke gas niile ga-adị otu ma ọ bụrụ na anyị ejiri ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe gas R = 8.315 J / mol. K). Na STP, gas ọ bụla nwere otu ọnụọgụ moles (n) ga-enwe otu olu. Olu nke 1 mole gas na STP = lita 22.4. Olu nke mole gas 2 = lita 44.8. Olu nke mole gas 3 = lita 67.2. Na ndị ọzọ. Nke a metụtara gas niile.

Nke abụọ, ọnụọgụgụ molekul dị na mole 1 bụ otu maka gas niile. Ọnụọgụ molekul dị na mole 1 = ọnụọgụgụ molekul dị na mole ọ bụla = nọmba Avogadro (NA). Ya mere, ọnụọgụ Avogadro bụ otu maka gas niile.

Ọnụọgụgụ Avogadro nwetara site na nha:

NA = 6.02 x 10 ²³ molekul / mol

Iji nweta ọnụọgụgụ molekul niile (N), mụbaa ọnụọgụgụ molekul kwa molekul (NA ₎ site na ọnụọgụgụ molekul (n).

Ọnụọgụgụ molekul niile (N) = ọnụọgụ molekul kwa molekul (N _A ) x ọnụọgụ molekul (n)

P = Nrụgide, V = Olu, N = Ọnụọgụ molekul niile, k = Boltzmann na-agbanwe agbanwe (k = 1.38 x 10-23 J / K), T = Okpomọkụ

Nkebi Nkeji

1 lita (L) = 1000 mililita (mL) = 1000 cubic centimita (cm ³ )

1 lita (L) = 1 kubik decimeter (dm ³ ) = 1 x 10 ^-3 m ³

Nrụgide Nrụgide

1 N/m ² = 1 Pa

1 atm = 1.013 x 10 ⁵ N/m ² = 1.013 x 10 ⁵ Pa = 1.013 x 10 ² kPa = 101.3 kPa (a na-ejikarị ya 101 kPa)

Pa = Pascal

ikuku = atm