physics

Iji chọpụta otu esi eme ka injin okpomọkụ dịkwuo mma , otu ọkà mmụta sayensị France aha ya bụ Sadi Carnot (1796-1832) lere anya na igwe kalori zuru oke na 1824. N'oge ahụ, e mebeghị iwu mbụ nke thermodynamics, ọ bụghịkwa iwu nke abụọ nke thermodynamics. E mebeghị iwu mbụ n'ihi na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị amaghị na okpomọkụ bụ ike. Mgbe Joule na ndị ọrụ ibe ya mere nnwale na 1830s, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara na okpomọkụ bụ ike na-agagharị n'ihi ọdịiche okpomọkụ. Ya mere, e mepụtara iwu mbụ nke thermodynamics mgbe 1830 gasịrị. Sadi Carnot anọwo na-enyocha injin kalori zuru oke na 1824. Nnyocha ya bụ n'ezie ịbawanye arụmọrụ nke injin steam. Ọtụtụ injin steam nke oge ahụ adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma.

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Iji kọwaa usoro thermodynamic a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chepụtara iwu nke abụọ nke thermodynamics. Iwu nke abụọ nke thermodynamics na-akọwa usoro nwere ike ime n'eluigwe na ala na usoro ndị a na-apụghị ime. Otu ọkà mmụta sayensị aha ya bụ RJE Clausius (1822-1888) kwuru okwu a:

Dịka o kwesịrị ịdị, okpomọkụ na-esi n'ihe ndị dị elu na-agafe gaa n'ihe ndị dị ala na-agafe; dịka o kwesịrị ịdị, okpomọkụ anaghị esi n'ihe ndị dị ala na-agafe gaa n'ihe ndị dị elu na-agafe (Iwu nke abụọ nke thermodynamics—okwu Clausius).

Okwu Clausius bụ otu n'ime okwu pụrụ iche nke iwu nke abụọ nke thermodynamics. A na-akpọ ya nkwupụta pụrụ iche n'ihi na ọ na-emetụta naanị otu usoro, nke metụtara mbufe okpomọkụ. Ebe ọ bụ na nkwupụta a anaghị ejikọta ya na usoro ndị ọzọ, anyị chọrọ nkwupụta izugbe karịa. Mmepe nke nkwupụta izugbe nke iwu nke abụọ nke thermodynamics dabere na ọmụmụ nke injin okpomọkụ. Ya mere, anyị na-atụle okpomọkụ injin mbụ.

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Isiokwu Usoro Thermodynamic: Isothermal Adiabatic Isochoric Isobaric

E nwere usoro thermodynamic anọ, ya bụ usoro Isothermal, usoro isochoric, usoro isobaric na usoro adiabatic.

Usoro Isothermal (okpomọkụ na-adịgide adịgide)

N'usoro isothermal, a na-eme ka okpomọkụ sistemụ ahụ dịgide otu otu. N'echiche, usoro nyochara bụ gas zuru oke. Okpomọkụ gas zuru oke kwekọrọ kpọmkwem na ike gas dị n'ime (U = 3/2 n RT). T anaghị agbanwe agbanwe, yabụ U anaghị agbanwe agbanwe. Ya mere, ọ bụrụ na etinyere ya na usoro isothermal, iwu mbụ nke usoro thermodynamic na-aghọ:

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Usoro thermodynamic

Okpomọkụ (Q) bụ ike nke na-esi n'otu ihe gaa na nke ọzọ n'ihi ọdịiche okpomọkụ. Banyere sistemụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, okpomọkụ bụ ike na-esi n'usoro gaa na gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ike na-esi n'ebe obibi gaa na sistemụ, n'ihi ọdịiche okpomọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ sistemụ ahụ dị elu karịa okpomọkụ gburugburu ebe obibi, okpomọkụ ga-esi na sistemụ gaa na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị elu karịa okpomọkụ sistemụ ahụ, mgbe ahụ okpomọkụ na-esi na gburugburu ebe obibi gaa na sistemụ ahụ.

Okpomọkụ (Q) bụ ike na-agagharị n'ihi ọdịiche okpomọkụ, ebe ọrụ (W) metụtara nnyefe ike site na ọrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na sistemụ ahụ arụ ọrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, mgbe ahụ ike na-esi na sistemụ ahụ aga gburugburu ebe obibi. N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ bụrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi arụ ọrụ na sistemụ ahụ, mgbe ahụ ike na-esi na gburugburu ebe obibi gaa na sistemụ.

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