Odeakwụkwọ Maxwell ji usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ nweta usoro nhazi ike. A na-akpọ ya usoro n'ihi na enweghị ihe akaebe site na nnwale. Nkewa ike pụtara nkesa nhata nke ike.
KE = ike ntụgharị nke molekul gas (Joule)
k = Ọnụọgụ Boltzmann na-agbanwe agbanwe = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K
T = okpomọkụ zuru oke nke molekul gas zuru oke (Kelvin)
Ike kinetic nke nsụgharị sitere na mmegharị ntụgharị nke nwere ihe atọ dị na ọsọ, ya bụ, ihe dị na ọsọ dị na axis x, axis y, na z. E nwere ihe atọ dị na ọsọ a, nke a na-akpọ nọmba 3 na nha nhata dị n'elu. A na-akpọ akụkụ ọ bụla nke ọsọ ogo nnwere onwe. N'ihi na o nwere ihe atọ dị na ọsọ, ike kinetic nke nsụgharị nwere ogo nnwere onwe atọ.
Usoro equipment equipment na-ekwu na a ga-ekewa ezigbo ike n'otu aka ahụ n'ogo nnwere onwe niile. Ya mere, nkezi ike maka ogo nnwere onwe ọ bụla bụ 1/2 kT.
Mkpụrụ ndụ gas Monatomic
Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke Monatomic gas na-eme mmegharị ntụgharị naanị ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke monatomic gas nwee ogo nnwere onwe atọ.
Ike kinetic nkezi maka monatomic gas molekul ọ bụla bụ:
3 (1/2 kT) = 3/2 kT = 3/2 nRT.
Ike okpomọkụ nke monatomic gas molekul:
C = 3/2 R = 3/2 (8.315 J / mol. K) = 12.47 J/Kg. K
Mkpụrụ ndụ gas diatomic
Na mgbakwunye na mmegharị ntụgharị, molekul gas diatomic na-arụkwa ntụgharị na ịma jijiji. Ọnụọgụ ogo nnwere onwe maka mmegharị ntụgharị = 3. Kedu ogo nnwere onwe maka mmegharị ntụgharị na ịma jijiji?
E nwere axes ntụgharị atọ, ya bụ x, y, na Z. Njem ntụgharị na axes x anaghị agụta n'ihi na atọm abụọ ahụ na-adakọ na axes ntụgharị. Mgbe ha kwekọrọ na axes x, oge inertia nke atọm abụọ ahụ = 0. Ya mere, ọnụọgụ nke ogo nnwere onwe maka mmegharị ntụgharị = 2.
Ike nkezi maka molekul gas diatomic ọ bụla bụ:
3 (1/2 kT) + 2 (1/2 kT) = 5/2 kT = 5/2 n R T.
Ike okpomọkụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ gas diatomic:
C = 5/2 R = 5/2 (8.315 J / mol. K) = 20.79 J / Kg. K
Ike okpomọkụ nke molekul e nwetara n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro karịrị ike okpomọkụ nke molekul gas diatomic nke e nwetara site na nnwale.
Mgbe a na-eme mmegharị ahụ, molekul gas diatomic nwere ụdị ike abụọ, ya bụ ike kinetic na ike elastic potential. Ya mere, ọnụọgụ nke ogo nnwere onwe maka mmegharị ahụ = 2.
Ike nkezi maka molekul gas diatomic ọ bụla bụ:
3 (1/2 kT) + 2 (1/2 kT) + 2 (1/2 kT) = 7/2 kT = 7/2 n R T.
Ike okpomọkụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ gas diatomic:
C = 7/2 R = 7/2 (8,315 J / mol. K) = 29.1 J / Kg. K
Mmetụta nke mmegharị ahụ na uru nke ikike okpomọkụ nke molekul gas diatomic dabere na oke okpomọkụ (T). Nnwale ndị e mere na mbụ na-eme na oke okpomọkụ nke na-adịghị oke obosara. Nnwale ndị e mere na nso nso a na oke okpomọkụ na-egosi na uru nke ikike okpomọkụ molekul gas daberekwa na oke okpomọkụ. Iji ghọta nsogbu a nke ọma, ka anyị lelee mgbanwe nke ikike okpomọkụ nke molekul gas hydrogen na okpomọkụ dị iche iche.
Haịdrojiin (H₂)) gụnyere gas diatomic. Foto dị n'akụkụ na-egosi mgbanwe nke ikike okpomọkụ nke molekul gas hydrogen na okpomọkụ dị iche iche. Uru ikike okpomọkụ molekul bụ 5/2 R = 20.79 J/Kg. K dị naanị na oke okpomọkụ dị ihe dịka 250 K ruo 750 K. N'okpuru 250 K, ikike okpomọkụ nke molekul gas hydrogen na-ebelata mgbe niile ruo mgbe ha ruru 3/2 R = 12.47 J/Kg. K. N'ụzọ dị iche, karịa 750 K, ikike okpomọkụ nke molekul gas na-abawanye mgbe niile ruo mgbe ha ruru 7/2 R = 29.1 J/Kg. K.
Dabere na eziokwu a, anyị nwere ike ikwu na n'okpomọkụ dị ala, molekul gas na-eme naanị mmegharị ntụgharị. Mgbe okpomọkụ rịgoro, molekul gas ọhụrụ na-eme mmegharị ntụgharị. N'okpomọkụ dị elu, molekul gas na-adakọ ibe ha nke mere na atọm na-ama jijiji. Ya mere, a na-eme ụdị mmegharị atọ a n'usoro, nke mbụ naanị mmegharị ntụgharị (okpomọkụ dị ala), mgbe ntụgharị ahụ gasịrị + ntụgharị (okpomọkụ dị n'etiti) na ntụgharị ikpeazụ + ntụgharị + mkpọtụ (okpomọkụ dị elu). Mmegharị ịma jijiji na-eme naanị ma ọ bụrụ na molekul gas na-adakọ ibe ha.
Ihe ndị dị otu a anaghị eme naanị gas hydrogen, kamakwa gas ndị ọzọ. Site na nnwale ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mere, ikike okpomọkụ nke molekul gas na-agbanwekwa ka okpomọkụ na-aga. Mgbanwe ndị na-eme yiri nke gas hydrogen na-enweta, mana n'ihi na nhazi dị na gas ọ bụla dị iche (ọnụọgụ na ụdị atọm dị iche), mgbanwe na ikike okpomọkụ na-emekwa na oke okpomọkụ dị iche iche.
Usoro nhazi ike na-ekwu na ike zuru oke ga-ekewa n'otu aka ahụ maka ọkwa nnwere onwe ọ bụla. Ike ndị ọzọ nke molekul gas na-enweta anaghị ekesa nke ọma maka ogo nnwere onwe ọ bụla mana a na-ekewa ya nwayọ nwayọ. Ọzọkwa, nha anya nke ikike okpomọkụ molekul nke gas nke anyị nwetara n'echiche dabere na ozizi kinetic nke gas,
na-ekwu na ike okpomọkụ nke molekul dabere naanị na R (1/2 R maka ogo nnwere onwe ọ bụla). Oke okpomọkụ (T) na-emetụtakwa ikike okpomọkụ molekul.
Enwere ike ikwubi na, nke mbụ, usoro nhazi ahụ sitere na usoro nhazi ihe ochie, nke dabere na iwu nke usoro nhazi ihe ochie nke Newtonian. Nke abụọ, usoro nhazi ihe nke gas nke anyị ji akọwa mmegharị nke molekul gas daberekwa na iwu nke usoro nhazi ihe nke Newtonian. Ebe ọ bụ na emebiela usoro nhazi ihe ike na usoro nhazi ihe nke gas, enwere ike ikwubi na iwu nhazi ihe nke Newton enweghị ike ịkọwa mmegharị ndị na-eme na ọkwa atọm ma ọ bụ molekul. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, usoro nhazi ihe nke Newton ma ọ bụ usoro nhazi ihe ochie nwere ike ịkọwa naanị mmegharị nke nnukwu ihe.
