Otu Usoro Mmeghachi Omume Haber Bosch Si Arụ Ọrụ
Usoro Haber-Bosch bụ otu n'ime nchọpụta kachasị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke kemistri ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe n'ihi na ọ na-enye ụmụ mmadụ ohere imepụta ammonia (NH₃) n'ọtụtụ buru ibu site na gas abụọ dị n'okike: nitrogen (N₂) site na ikuku na hydrogen (H₂), nke a na-enwetakarị site na gas eke ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ. Amonia na-aghọzi ihe bụ isi maka fatịlaịza nitrogen dị ka urea na ammonium nitrate, nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịbawanye mmepụta ugbo zuru ụwa ọnụ. Na-enweghị usoro a, nnweta nri zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-abụ obere.
Ihe ndabere: gịnị mere nitrogen ji esi ike "iweta" ya?
Ọ bụ ezie na ikuku nwere ihe dị ka pasentị 78 nke nitrogen, gas N₂ kwụsiri ike nke ukwuu n'ihi na atọm nitrogen ya abụọ nwere njikọ atọ siri ike (N≡N). Njikọ a bụ ihe na-eme ka nitrogen "na-anaghị emeghachi omume". Osisi chọrọ nitrogen n'ezie iji mepụta protein na asịd nucleic, mana ha enweghị ike iji N₂ sitere na ikuku ozugbo. N'ezie, ụfọdụ nje bacteria ma ọ bụ site na àmụ̀mà na-edozi nitrogen, mana ọnụego nke usoro okike ndị a ezughị iji gboo mkpa nke ọrụ ugbo nke oge a. Nke a bụ ebe Haber-Bosch na-abata: inye ụzọ isi "manye" nitrogen imeghachi omume site na ọnọdụ injinịa na ihe na-akpali akpali.
Mmeghachi omume bụ isi: site na nitrogen na hydrogen ruo ammonia
Usoro mmeghachi omume bụ isi nke usoro Haber-Bosch bụ:
N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) ⇌ 2NH₃(g) + okpomọkụ
Mmeghachi omume a nwere ike ịgbanwe agbanwe (nwere ike ịga n'ihu n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ) na exothermic (na-emepụta okpomọkụ). Nke a pụtara na a na-ahọrọ mmepụta ammonia na obere okpomọkụ dịka ụkpụrụ nhazi si dị, mana na oke okpomọkụ dị ala mmeghachi omume ahụ na-aga nwayọ nwayọ. Ya mere, usoro ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ga-achọta nkwekọrịta n'etiti ọnụego mmeghachi omume na mmepụta nhazi.
Isi usoro nke usoro Haber-Bosch
N'ozuzu, usoro mmepụta ihe Haber-Bosch gụnyere ọtụtụ usoro: inye ihe ndị e ji arụ ọrụ (H₂ na N₂), nhicha, mkpakọ, mmeghachi omume mmepụta ihe site na ihe na-akpali akpali, nkewa nke ammonia, na imegharị gas na-anaghị arụ ọrụ.
1. Isi mmalite na mmepụta nke hydrogen (H₂)
Haịdrojiin maka usoro Haber-Bosch na-esikarị na mgbanwe nke gas eke (methane, CH₄). Usoro ndị a gụnyere:
– Nhazigharị methane steam (SMR): A na-emeghachi omume na methane na uzu mmiri n'oge okpomọkụ dị elu iji mepụta ngwakọta gas (syngas) nke nwere H₂, CO, na CO₂.
– Mmeghachi omume mgbanwe mmiri-gas: A na-emegharị CO ọzọ site na uzu mmiri iji mepụta CO₂ ma tinye H₂.
N'ikpeazụ, a na-ekewapụ CO₂ ma sachaa hydrogen. N'ụfọdụ osisi, a pụkwara inweta hydrogen site na electrolysis mmiri, ọkachasị ebe enwere ike imeghari ọkụ eletrik, ọ bụ ezie na nke a na-adịkarị ọnụ ala karịa gas eke.
2. Ịnara nitrogen (N₂) n'ikuku
A na-esikarị na mwepụ ikuku wepụta nitrogen site na iji nkeji cryogenic (nke na-eme ka ọ dị jụụ ruo obere okpomọkụ) ma ọ bụ teknụzụ ndị ọzọ dị ka ntinye nrụgide (PSA). Ebumnuche bụ inweta nitrogen dị ọcha nke ukwuu, ebe ọ bụ na ụfọdụ ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ nwere ike imebi ihe na-akpalite ma gbochie mmeghachi omume ahụ.
3. Nhicha gas: iwepụ "nsị" nke ihe na-akpalite ihe
Ihe ndị na-akpali akpali e ji eme ihe na Haber-Bosch (nke a na-ejikarị ígwè eme ihe) na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na ihe ndị dị ka sọlfọ (S), carbon monoxide (CO), na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị mma. Ya mere, a ghaghị ịsacha gas nri:
– A na-eji ihe ndị pụrụ iche na-eme ka sọlfọ dị na ya ewepụ ha.
– A na-ejikwa CO na CO₂ site na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ (mgbanwe, methanation) ma ọ bụ nkewa anụ ahụ/kemikal.
– A na-ebelatakwa iru mmiri (H₂O) ka ọ ghara imebi usoro ahụ.
Nchacha a dị oke mkpa n'ihi na arụmọrụ nke osisi na ndụ ihe mkpali na-adabere nke ukwuu na ịdị ọcha gas.
4. Mkpakọ: mmụba nrụgide iji gbanwee nguzozi ahụ
Mmeghachi omume ahụ na-emepụta obere moles nke gas (site na moles 4 nke gas ruo moles 2 nke gas). Dịka ụkpụrụ Le Chatelier si dị, nrụgide dị elu ga-agbanwe nguzozi gaa na ngwaahịa (NH₃). Ya mere, a na-agbakọta ngwakọta nke N₂ na H₂ ruo nrụgide dị elu, ọtụtụ mgbe n'ọtụtụ narị ikuku dị na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ (ọnụọgụ kpọmkwem nwere ike ịdị iche dabere na nhazi osisi).
Agbanyeghị, nrụgide dị elu pụtara nnukwu mkpa ike maka compressor, yabụ osisi ahụ ga-eme ka ọ dị mma n'etiti mmepụta ammonia na ọnụ ahịa ike.
5. Ihe na-eme ka ihe na-arụ ọrụ: ọrụ nke ihe na-akpali akpali na okpomọkụ ọrụ
N'ime ihe na-eme ka ... ghara ịdị mma. Ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe ghara ịdị mma bụ iron (Fe) nke nwere ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe ghara ịdị mma.
A na-etinyekarị okpomọkụ mmeghachi omume ahụ n'ebe dị elu iji hụ na ọnụego mmeghachi omume zuru oke. Agbanyeghị, n'ihi na mmeghachi omume ammonia bụ nke dị n'èzí, okpomọkụ dị oke elu na-ebelata mmepụta nguzozi. Ya mere, a na-etinye okpomọkụ n'ime oke nkwekọrịta nke na-enye ohere ka mmeghachi omume ahụ gaa n'ihu ngwa ngwa ma ka na-enye ezigbo mkpụrụ.
Na ọkwa molekul, ihe mkpali na-arụ ọrụ site na:
– Ịgbaji njikọ N≡N n'elu ihe na-akpali akpali (nke a bụ nzọụkwụ kachasị sie ike).
- Na-amịkọrọ H₂ ma na-agbaji ya ka ọ bụrụ atọm H.
– Na-enyere aka n'ịmepụta njikọ N-H nwayọ nwayọ ruo mgbe e guzobere NH₃.
– Na-ewepụta NH₃ site na elu ihe na-akpali akpali ka e wee nwee ike iji ebe ndị na-arụ ọrụ mee ihe ọzọ.
6. Ịjụ oyi na ịmịkọrọ mmiri: ikewapụ ammonia na gas
Mgbe ha si n'ihe na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime ihe na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime ihe na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime ya pụta, ngwakọta gas ahụ nwere NH₃ yana N₂ na H₂ nke na-anaghị emeghachi omume. A na-ajụkwa ngwakọta a oyi. A na-agbaze Ammonia ngwa ngwa n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, na-ekwe ka ọ kewaa site na mmiri mmiri ka ọ bụrụ ammonia.
Nkewa a dabere na condensation bara ezigbo uru n'ihi na:
– Nweta ngwaahịa bụ isi nke ọma
– Na-agba ume ka mmeghachi omume ahụ gaa n'ihu (a na-ewere ngwaahịa, a na-akwali nguzozi gaa na ngwaahịa)
7. Imegharị gas: na-eme ka arụmọrụ zuru oke dịkwuo mma
Ọ bụghị N₂ na H₂ niile ka a na-agbanwe ka ha bụrụ NH₃ n'otu ngafe site na reactor ahụ. Ya mere, a na-emegharị gas fọdụrụnụ n'ime reactor ahụ mgbe e kewapụrụ ya na ammonia. Imegharị ihe na-eme ka ọsọ mgbanwe nke usoro ahụ dịkwuo elu nke ukwuu ma na-eme ka ojiji ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe dịkwuo irè.
N'otu oge ahụ, enwere ike "ịsacha" obere akụkụ nke gas ahụ iji gbochie mkpokọta nke inerts dị ka argon ebufe site na ikuku.
Ihe ndị na-emetụta nsonaazụ nke usoro ahụ
E nwere isi ihe atọ a na-ekwukarị na Haber-Bosch:
1. Nrụgide: ka nrụgide ahụ na-arị elu, otú ahụ ka ọ na-eme ka NH₃ dịkwuo elu.
2. Okpomọkụ: obere okpomọkụ na-akwado nguzozi, mana oke okpomọkụ na-eme ka ọnụego mmeghachi omume dịkwuo ngwa ngwa.
3. Ihe na-akpali akpali: na-eme ka mmezu nke nguzozi dị ngwa ngwa n'agbanweghị ọnọdụ nguzozi n'onwe ya.
Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahọrọ ọnọdụ ọrụ kacha mma nke na-eburu n'uche akụnụba, nchekwa, arụmọrụ ike, na ogologo oge akụrụngwa.
Mmetụta na ihe ịma aka nke oge a
Usoro Haber-Bosch bara uru nke ukwuu n'ọrụ ugbo, mana ọ na-ewetakwa nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. Imepụta hydrogen site na gas sitere n'okike na-emepụta ikuku CO₂. Ya mere, ọtụtụ nnyocha ọgbara ọhụrụ na-elekwasị anya na:
– Haịdọn "akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ" sitere na electrolysis mmiri nke nwere ike imeghari
- Ibute na nchekwa carbon (CCS) n'ime osisi ammonia
– Mmepe nke ihe ndị na-akpali akpali ọhụrụ ka mmeghachi omume wee mee na obere nrụgide ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ
Ebumnuche ndị a bụ ịnọgide na-enwe uru dị ukwuu nke amonia—karịsịa dị ka fatịlaịza—ma na-ebelata akara carbon ya.
Mmechi
Usoro Haber-Bosch bụ usoro usoro ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke e mere iji merie nkwụsi ike nke nitrogen na ikuku na mmepụta ammonia. Ọ bụ mmeghachi omume nke N₂ na H₂ na-akwalite mkpali, nke a na-emezi site na nrụgide dị elu, okpomọkụ dị ala, nhicha gas, na usoro nkewa na imegharị ihe. Nsonaazụ ya bụ mmepụta nke ammonia, isi ihe nke fatịlaịza ọgbara ọhụrụ na ntọala dị mkpa maka nchekwa nri zuru ụwa ọnụ. Ihe ịma aka dị mkpa maka ọdịnihu nke usoro a bụ ime ka ọ dịkwuo mma gburugburu ebe obibi site na isi mmalite hydrogen na-ekupụ obere na arụmọrụ ike ka mma.
