Iwu Faraday
Pengantar
Iwu Faraday nke itinye electromagnetic n'ọrụ bụ isi ihe dị mkpa na physics nke na-akọwa otu ebe magnetik na-agbanwe agbanwe nwere ike isi mepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ime onye na-eduzi ya. Michael Faraday chọpụtara iwu a na 1831, ọ bụkwa isi ihe dị mkpa na electromagnetism ma nwee ọtụtụ ojiji na teknụzụ ọgbara ọhụrụ, dị ka ihe na-emepụta eletriki na transformers. Isiokwu a ga-akọwa nkọwa nke ozizi dị n'azụ iwu Faraday, nnwale ndị na-akwado ya, na ojiji dị iche iche bara uru ya.
Isi Ozizi
Nkọwa nke Iwu Faraday
Iwu Faraday kwuru na ike electromotive (EMF) nke e tinyere na sekit mechiri emechi kwekọrọ na ọnụego mgbanwe nke magnetik flux site na sekit ahụ. N'ime mgbakọ na mwepụ, a na-akọwa iwu a dị ka:
\[ \mathcal {E} = -\frac{d\Phi_B}{dt} \]
Ebe:
– \( \mathcal{E} \) bụ EMF e tinyere n'ime ya (na volt),
– \( \Phi_B \) bụ mgbanwe magnet (na webers),
– \( \frac{d\Phi_B}{dt} \) bụ ọnụego mgbanwe nke mmiri ndọta.
Ihe ịrịba ama na-adịghị mma dị na nha nha a sitere na Iwu Lenz, nke na-ekwu na ntụziaka nke EMF a kpaliri na-adịkarị otú ahụ nke na ọ na-emegide mgbanwe na mmiri magnet nke na-akpata ya.
Mgbanwe Magnetik
Mgbawa magnetik \( \Phi_B \) bụ nha nke ọnụọgụ ebe ndọta magnetik na-agafe n'otu mpaghara enyere. A na-akọwa mgbawa magnetik dị ka:
\[ \Phi_B = B \cdot A \cdot \cos(\theta) \]
Ebe:
– \( B \) bụ ebe ndọta (na tesla),
– \( A \) bụ mpaghara nke ebe ndọta ahụ gafere (na mita sụkwịa),
– \( \theta \) bụ akụkụ dị n'etiti ubi magnetik na ahịrị kwụ ọtọ na mpaghara ahụ.
Iwu Lenz
Iwu Lenz na-enye ntụziaka nke EMF e tinyere na ọkụ eletrik na-esi na ya apụta. Dịka Iwu Lenz si kwuo, ọkụ eletrik e tinyere na sekit ga-emepụta oghere magnet nke na-emegide mgbanwe na ọkụ eletrik nke kpatara ya. N'ụzọ mgbakọ na mwepụ, a na-egosipụta nke a site na akara ọjọọ dị na nha anya Iwu Faraday.
Nnwale Faraday
Nchọpụta nke Ntinye Electromagnetic
Maịkel Faraday mere ọtụtụ nnwale na 1831 iji mụọ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ubi magnet na ọkụ eletrik. Otu n'ime nnwale ndị dị mkpa Faraday mere gụnyere eriri waya ejikọtara na galvanometer (ngwaọrụ maka ịtụ ọkụ eletrik) na magnet mmanya. Faraday chọpụtara na mgbe e bufere magnet mmanya ahụ gaa ma ọ bụ pụọ na coil ahụ, a na-akpali ọkụ eletrik na coil ahụ, nke galvanometer ahụ chọpụtara.
Mgbanwe Nnwale
Faraday mekwara ụdị nnwale a site n'iji eriri waya abụọ gbara gburugburu isi ígwè. Mgbe e si na eriri eletrik gafere eriri mbụ (nke bụ isi), oghere magnetik nke si na ya pụta kpalitere ọkụ eletrik na eriri nke abụọ (nke bụ nke abụọ). Faraday kwubiri na mgbanwe nke oghere magnetik n'ofe eriri ahụ bụ ihe kpatara ọkụ eletrik a kpaliri.
Itinye Iwu Faraday n'ọrụ
Jeneta ọkụ eletrik
Ihe na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi e ji mee ihe n'Iwu Faraday. Ihe na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik na-agbanwe ike igwe ka ọ bụrụ ike eletriki site na ụkpụrụ nke induction electromagnetic. Mgbe eriri waya na-agbagharị n'ọhịa magnetik, mgbanwe na-agbanwe agbanwe na-emepụta emf, nke na-akpali ọkụ eletrik.
1. Igwe na-emepụta AC (Alternating Current)
– Ụkpụrụ Ọrụ: Ihe na-emepụta AC na-eji ebe ndọta nke magnet ma ọ bụ electromagnet na-adịgide adịgide mepụtara. Mgbe eriri na-agbagharị n'ọhịa ndọta, mmiri ndọta na-agafe na eriri ahụ na-agbanwe, na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik na-agbanwe agbanwe.
– Ngwa: A na-eji ihe na-emepụta AC na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ike, turbine ikuku, na ihe na-emepụta obere ihe.
2. Ihe na-emepụta DC (Kpọmkwem Ugbu a)
– Ụkpụrụ Ọrụ: Igwe ihe eji ewepụta ihe na-eji commutator agbanwe ọkụ eletrik na-agbanwe agbanwe nke na-abanye na coil ka ọ bụrụ ọkụ eletrik kpọmkwem. Igwe ihe eji ewepụta ihe na-arụ ọrụ bụ ngwaọrụ igwe nke na-ahụ na mmiri na-asọ n'otu ụzọ.
– Ngwa: A na-eji ihe ndị na-emepụta DC eme ihe n'ọrụ dịka ịchaji batrị, sistemụ ike mberede, na ngwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.
Onye ntụgharị
Transformer bụ ngwaọrụ nke na-agbanwe voltaji na sistemụ nkesa eletriki, dabere na ụkpụrụ nke induction electromagnetic. Transformer nwere coils abụọ, nke bụ isi na nke abụọ, nke gbara gburugburu isi ígwè.
– Ụkpụrụ Ọrụ: Ọkụ eletrik na-agafe na kọlụm mbụ na-emepụta mmiri magnet nke na-akpali EMF na kọlụm nke abụọ. Site n'ịgbanwe ọnụọgụ ntụgharị na kọlụm mbụ na nke abụọ, enwere ike ịbawanye ma ọ bụ belata voltaji dịka ọ dị mkpa.
– Ngwa: A na-eji transformers eme ihe na sistemụ nkesa eletriki iji mee ka voltaji eletrik dịkwuo elu ma ọ bụ belata, na-eme ka nnyefe ọkụ eletrik dị irè site na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nye ndị ahịa.
Nchaji ikuku
Nchaji ikuku bụ teknụzụ nke na-eji ụkpụrụ nke induction electromagnetic eme ihe iji nyefee ike na-enweghị waya.
– Ụkpụrụ Ọrụ: Nchaji ikuku na-eji oghere magnet nke eriri chaja na-emepụta iji kpalite EMF na eriri nnata ejikọtara na ngwaọrụ ahụ ka a chajịa ya. Oghere magnet na-agbanwe agbanwe na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik na eriri nnata, nke a na-eji chajịa batrị ngwaọrụ ahụ.
– Ngwa: A na-eji chaja ikuku eme ihe na ngwaọrụ eletrọniki dịka ekwentị mkpanaaka, elekere smart, na ngwaọrụ ahụike enwere ike ibugharị.
Ihe ndị metụtara ya
1. Mmetụta Eddy Ugbu a
– Ụkpụrụ Ọrụ: Ọwara Eddy bụ ọwara ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe nke na-akpali n'ime onye na-eduzi ihe. Ọwara Eddy ndị a na-emepụta ọwara magnet nke na-emegide mgbanwe nke ọwara magnet nke kpatara ha.
– Ngwa: A na-eji ọkụ eletrik Eddy eme ihe na brek elektrọnik, nchọpụta ígwè, na nnwale na-anaghị emebi emebi.
2. Magnetoresistance
– Ụkpụrụ Ọrụ: Magnetoresistance bụ mgbanwe na nguzogide eletriki nke ihe sitere na mpaghara magnetik mpụga. A na-eji ihe a eme ihe na nchekwa data na teknụzụ sensọ magnetik.
– Ngwa: A na-eji Magnetoresistance eme ihe na draịvụ diski ike, ihe mmetụta ọsọ, na sistemụ nchọpụta ọnọdụ.
3. Mmetụta Ụlọ Nzukọ
– Ụkpụrụ Ọrụ: Mmetụta Hall bụ ihe na-eme ka oghere magnetik nke kwụ ọtọ na ọkụ eletrik dị na onye na-eduzi ihe na-emepụta ọdịiche voltaji n'ofe onye na-eduzi ihe. A na-akpọ voltaji a voltaji Hall.
– Ngwa: A na-eji mmetụta Hall eme ihe na ihe mmetụta Hall iji tụọ ubi magnet, ọsọ, na ọnọdụ.
Ngwa Teknụzụ Dị Elu
Teknụzụ Ahụike: MRI (MRI)
MRI bụ usoro onyonyo ahụike nke na-eji oghere magnet na ebili mmiri redio emepụta onyonyo zuru ezu nke usoro ime ahụ mmadụ.
– Otu O Si Arụ Ọrụ: MRI na-eji ike magnetik dị ike iji duzie protons n'ime ahụ. Mgbe a gbanyere ma gbanyụọ magnetic field, protons ndị a na-ewepụta akara ngosi nke kọmputa na-ejide ma hazie ka ọ bụrụ onyonyo.
– Ngwa: A na-eji MRI achọpụta ọtụtụ ọrịa dị iche iche, gụnyere etuto ahụ, ọrịa obi, na nsogbu akwara ozi. Uru nke MRI bụ ikike ya imepụta onyonyo zuru oke na-enweghị iji radieshon ionizing.
Igwe ọkụ eletrik
Moto eletriki bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe na Iwu Faraday nke na-arụ ọrụ na ụkpụrụ nke induction electromagnetic.
– Ụkpụrụ Ọrụ: Moto eletriki na-arụ ọrụ site na ịgbasa ọkụ eletrik site na eriri dị na mpaghara magnet, si otú a na-emepụta ike nke na-eme ka eriri ahụ na-agbagharị.
– Ngwa: A na-eji moto eletriki eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ dị iche iche, site na ngwa ụlọ ruo na nnukwu igwe mmepụta ihe.
Mmechi
Iwu Faraday nke itinye electromagnetic n'ime ihe bụ isi n'ihe gbasara physics nke na-akọwa otu mgbanwe ike magnetik nwere ike isi mepụta ike eletriki n'ime ihe na-eduzi ihe. Michael Faraday chọpụtara iwu a na 1831, ọ ghọwo ihe ndabere nke ọtụtụ teknụzụ ọgbara ọhụrụ, gụnyere ihe na-emepụta eletriki, ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe, na teknụzụ ikuku. Nnwale Faraday gosiri mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ike magnetik na ike eletrik, nke e mesịrị kọwaa na mgbakọ na mwepụ dị ka iwu nke ike electromagnetic n'ime ihe na-eduzi ihe.
Ojiji nke Iwu Faraday dị oke ukwuu, nke gbasaara dịka mmepụta ọkụ eletrik, nkesa, chaja ikuku, teknụzụ ahụike, na moto eletrik. Ihe ndị yiri ya dịka mmetụta eddy current, magnetoresistance, na mmetụta Hall na-egosi mmetụta zuru oke nke induction electromagnetic na sayensị na teknụzụ. Ka teknụzụ na nyocha na-aga n'ihu, ojiji nke Iwu Faraday ga-anọgide na-agbasa, na-emepe ụzọ maka ihe ọhụrụ ndị ka mma ma dị irè n'ọdịnihu.
