Otu Ọrụ dị na Ngwakọta Carbon
Pendahuluan
Ngwakọta carbon nwere njirimara pụrụ iche na mgbagwoju anya na kemistri organic. Isi ihe dị na ụdịdị a bụ ikike carbon ịmepụta ọtụtụ njikọ na nhazi dị iche iche, gụnyere agbụ ígwè, okirikiri, na alaka. Otu akụkụ dị mkpa nke na-enye ngwakọta organic njirimara pụrụ iche ha bụ otu ọrụ ha. Otu ọrụ bụ otu atọm n'ime molekul nke na-ahụ maka ihe onwunwe kemịkalụ kpọmkwem. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-atụle ụdị otu ọrụ dị iche iche na ngwakọta carbon, nhazi na njirimara ha, na mkpa ha dị na ojiji bara uru.
Ịghọta Otu Ọrụ
Otu ọrụ bụ akụkụ nke molekul nke na-egosipụta mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ ụfọdụ mgbe niile. Otu ndị a nwere ike ịnwe otu ma ọ bụ karịa atọm ma nwee ngwakọta kpọmkwem nke ihe ndị na-enye molekul njirimara ya. Ihe atụ kachasị nke otu ọrụ gụnyere alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid, na amine. Otu ọrụ na-ekpebi mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ, ebe esi mmiri, ebe ịgbaze, polarity, na ọtụtụ ihe anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ nke ihe mejupụtara ahụ.
Otu Mmanya Na-aba n'anya
Otu n'ime otu ọrụ kachasị na kemịkalụ organic bụ mmanya. Otu mmanya nwere atọm oxygen ejikọtara na atọm hydrogen (OH) nke ejikọtara na atọm carbon. Nhazi izugbe nke mmanya bụ R-OH, ebe R bụ otu alkyl ma ọ bụ aryl. A na-ekewa mmanya dị ka nke mbụ, nke abụọ, na nke atọ, dabere na ọnụọgụ atọm carbon ejikọtara kpọmkwem na atọm carbon ejikọtara na otu hydroxyl.
– Mmanya ndị bụ isi: Atọm carbon nke nwere otu OH na-ejikọta naanị otu atọm carbon ọzọ. Ihe atụ: methanol (CH3OH) na ethanol (CH3CH2OH).
– Mmanya nke abụọ: A na-ejikọta atọm carbon nke na-ejikọta otu OH na atọm carbon abụọ ndị ọzọ. Ihe atụ: isopropanol (CH3CHOHCH3).
– Mmanya dị elu: A na-ejikọta atọm carbon nke na-ejikọta otu OH na atọm carbon ndị ọzọ. Ọmụmaatụ: t-butanol (C(CH3)3OH).
Mmanya na-agbaze nke ukwuu n'ihi njikọ hydrogen dị n'etiti molekul ya. A na-ejikarị mmanya eme ihe dị ka ihe mgbaze, ọgwụ nje, na mmanụ ọkụ.
Aldehydes na Ketones
Aldehydes na ketone bụ ụdị otu ọrụ carbonyl abụọ nwere njirimara kemịkalụ yiri nke ahụ, mana ha dị n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche na molekul ahụ.
– Aldehydes: Nwee otu carbonyl (C=O) ejikọtara na atọm hydrogen na atọm carbon. Nhazi izugbe nke aldehyde bụ R-CHO. Ihe atụ nke aldehydes bụ formaldehyde (HCHO) na acetaldehyde (CH3CHO).
– Ketone: Nwere otu carbonyl (C=O) ejikọtara na atọm carbon abụọ. Nhazi izugbe nke ketone bụ R-CO-R'. Ihe atụ nke ketone bụ acetone (CH3COCH3).
A na-ahụ Aldehydes na ketone n'ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị ndụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. A na-ejikarị Aldehydes eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-esi ísì ụtọ na kemịkalụ, ebe ketone bụ ezigbo ihe mgbaze ma a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ụdị ihe ịchọ mma.
Asịd Carboxylic
Asịd carboxylic bụ otu ọrụ nwere otu carbonyl (C=O) na otu hydroxyl (OH) n'otu atọm carbon ahụ, na-enye ya nhazi izugbe R-COOH. Asịd carboxylic bụ acidic n'ihi na ha na-ewepụta ion hydrogen (H+) ngwa ngwa. Ihe atụ nke asịd carboxylic bụ acetic acid (CH3COOH) na benzoic acid (C6H5COOH).
Carboxylic acid bụ ihe ndị dị mkpa na bayoloji na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. A na-ahụ ha n'ọtụtụ nri na mmanụ ọkụ dị iche iche, ha na-arụkwa ọrụ na usoro kemịkalụ dịka okirikiri Krebs.
Amina
Amines bụ otu ọrụ nwere nitrogen ejikọtara na otu ma ọ bụ karịa atọm carbon. Enwere ike kewaa ha dị ka nke mbụ, nke abụọ, na nke atọ dabere na ọnụọgụ atọm carbon ejikọtara na nitrogen.
– Amines ndị bụ isi: A na-ejikọta Nitrogen na otu atọm carbon. Dịka ọmụmaatụ: methylamine (CH3NH2).
– Amines nke abụọ: A na-ejikọta Nitrogen na atọm carbon abụọ. Ihe atụ: dimethylamine (CH3NHCH3).
– Amịn atọ: A na-ejikọta Nitrogen na atọm carbon. Ọmụmaatụ: trimethylamine (N(CH3)3).
Amines bụ ihe dị mkpa ma a na-ahụ ha nke ọma na bayoloji dịka ihe mejupụtara amino acid na neurotransmitters. A na-ejikwa Amines eme ihe na ọgwụ na agba sịntetik.
Ether na Esters
Ether na esters bụ otu abụọ ọzọ a na-ahụkarị na kemistri organic.
– Ether: Nwere atọm carbon abụọ nke atọm oxygen jikọtara (RO-R'). Ihe atụ nke ether bụ diethyl ether (CH3CH2OCH2CH3), nke bụ ihe mgbaze a na-ahụkarị na ụlọ nyocha kemịkalụ.
– Ester: E mepụtara ya site na mmeghachi omume dị n'etiti carboxylic acid na mmanya, yana nhazi izugbe R-COOR'. Ihe atụ nke ester bụ ethyl acetate (CH3COOCH2CH3), nke a na-eji dị ka ihe mgbaze na ụlọ ọrụ agba na lacquer.
Esters nwere isi dị ụtọ ma a na-ejikarị ha eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ iji nye ha ụtọ na isi dị iche iche.
Mkpa nke Otu Ọrụ na Ngwa Ndị Bara Uru
Otu ọrụ na-eme ka imewe na njikọta nke ọtụtụ molekul nwere ihe ndị a chọrọ kpọmkwem. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ, ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị otu ọrụ pụrụ iche nwere ike ịgbanwe ọrụ ndu nke ọgwụ, nkwụsi ike, na otu o si arụ ọrụ n'ahụ. Otu ọrụ na-emekwa ka imewe ihe ndị nwere ihe ndị dị mkpa n'ime igwe, okpomọkụ, ma ọ bụ eletriki n'ọhịa nke polima na ihe ndị mejupụtara ya.
Mmechi
Ndị otu ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịchọpụta ihe ndị metụtara kemịkalụ na anụ ahụ nke ihe ndị mejupụtara carbon. Ịghọta ụdị dị iche iche nke otu ọrụ, mmeghachi omume ha, na ojiji ha n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche bụ isi ihe na-eme ka teknụzụ na sayensị dị mma. Site n'ịga n'ihu na-amụ ma na-aghọta otu ọrụ, anyị nwere ike ịmepụta ihe ọhụrụ na teknụzụ ndị nwere ike ịgbanwe ụzọ anyị si ebi ndụ na ọrụ.
