Ihe atụ nke ajụjụ mkparịta ụka transistor
Transistors bụ ihe ndị bụ isi e ji eletrọniki rụọ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwaọrụ eletrọniki ọgbara ọhụrụ niile. Dịka swiitị na amplifiers mgbama, transistors na-eme ka teknụzụ dị elu dị ka kọmputa, ekwentị mkpanaaka, na ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ihe atụ na ngwọta ha iji nyere anyị aka ịghọta nke ọma otu transistors si arụ ọrụ.
1. Okwu Mmalite Banyere Transistors
Tupu anyị abanye n'ihe atụ ndị a, ka anyị kwuo ntakịrị gbasara transistor n'onwe ha. Transistor bụ ihe mejupụtara semiconductor nke nwere akwa atọ nke ihe dị iche iche, nke a na-akpọkarị NPN ma ọ bụ PNP, dabere na doping nke ihe semiconductor. O nwere njedebe atọ: Base (B), Emitter (E), na Collector (C).
Ụdị Transistor
– Transistor NPN: Ụdị transistor ebe akwa isi dị n'etiti akwa abụọ nke ụdị N.
– PNP Transistor: Ụdị transistor ebe oyi akwa isi dị n'etiti oyi akwa abụọ nke ụdị P.
Ụdị transistors abụọ a na-arụ ọrụ n'otu ụzọ ahụ, mana ntụziaka ugbu a na polarity nke bias dị iche.
Ọrụ Transistor
– Dịka Switch: Enwere ike iji transistors gbanye ma ọ bụ gbanyụọ ọkụ eletrik dị na sekit.
– Dịka amplifier: Transistors nwere ike ime ka obere akara ntinye dịkwuo elu ka ọ bụrụ mmepụta buru ibu.
2. Ajụjụ na Mkparịta ụka Ihe Nlereanya
Ajụjụ nke 1: Nhazi Isi Izugbe na Transistor NPN
Ajụjụ: Transistor NPN nwere nhazi ntọala nkịtị nwere ugbu emitter (IE) nke 5 mA na ugbu a nchịkọta (IC) nke 4.9 mA. Chọpụta ugbu a ntọala (IB) na paramita α (alpha) nke transistor ahụ.
Mkparịta ụka:
- A maara:
– Ọkụ emitter (IE) = 5 mA
– Ọkụ nchịkọta (IC) = 4.9 mA
– Ajụjụ: Isi ugbu a (IB) na paramita α.
1. Ịgbakọ Ugbua Isi:
A na-enweta isi ugbu a site na nha nhata:
\[
I_E = I_B + I_C
\]
Maca,
\[
I_B = I_E – I_C = 5 \ederede{ mA} – 4.9 \ederede{ mA} = 0.1 \ederede{ mA}
\]
2. Ịgbakọ Paramita α:
Paramita α (alpha) bụ oke dị n'etiti ugbu a na-anakọta ihe na ugbu a na-ewepụta ihe:
\[
\alpha = \frac{I_C}{I_E} = \frac{4.9 \text{ mA}}{5 \text{ mA}} = 0.98
\]
Ya mere, isi ugbu a (IB) bụ 0.1 mA na uru nke paramita α bụ 0.98.
Ajụjụ nke 2: Nhazi Emitter nkịtị na Transistor NPN
Ajụjụ: Transistor NPN nwere isi ugbu a (IB) nke 20 µA na uru isi ugbu a (β) nke 100. Gbakọọ isi ugbu a nke onye na-anakọta (IC) na isi ugbu a nke emitter (IE).
Mkparịta ụka:
- A maara:
– Ọkụ isi (IB) = 20 µA
– Uru isi ugbu a (β) = 100
– Ajụjụ: Ọwa mkpokọ (IC) na nke emitter (IE).
1. Ịgbakọ Ugbua Onye Na-anakọta Ihe:
A na-enweta ugbu a nke onye na-anakọta ihe site na nha nhata:
\[
I_C = \beta \times I_B = 100 \times 20 \text{ µA} = 2000 \text{ µA} = 2 \text{ mA}
\]
2. Ịgbakọ Ugbua Emitter:
A na-enweta emitter current site na nha anya:
\[
I_E = I_B + I_C = 20 \ederede{ µA} + 2000 \ederede{ µA} = 2020 \ederede{ µA} = 2.02 \ederede{ mA}
\]
Ya mere, ugbu a nke onye na-anakọta (IC) bụ 2 mA na ugbu a nke emitter (IE) bụ 2.02 mA.
Nsogbu nke 3: Sekit Amplifier Transistor
Ajụjụ: Na sekit amplifier transistor NPN, voltaji base-emitter (V_BE) bụ 0.7V, voltaji collector-emitter (V_CE) bụ 5V, voltaji ike (V_CC) bụkwa 12V. Ọ bụrụ na resistor collector (R_C) bụ 1 kΩ na ugbu a (IB) bụ 30 µA, chọpụta ugbu a collector (IC) na voltaji collector (V_C).
Mkparịta ụka:
- A maara:
– Voltaji nke na-ewepụta isi ala (V_BE) = 0.7V
– Voltaji onye na-anakọta ihe (V_CE) = 5V
– Voltaji isi mmalite (V_CC) = 12V
– Resistor nke na-anakọta ihe (R_C) = 1 kΩ = 1000 Ω
– Ọkụ isi (IB) = 30 µA
– Ajụjụ: Ọkụ nchịkọta (IC) na voltaji nchịkọta (V_C).
1. Ịgbakọ Uru Isi Ugbu a (β):
Site na nhazi dị n'elu, anyị nwere ike iche na transistor ahụ nọ n'ọnọdụ ọrụ. Ya mere anyị na-eji:
\[
V_{CE} = V_C – V_E = 5V
\]
Ebe ọ bụ na V_E dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere ala (na-abụkarị 0V), mgbe ahụ:
\[
V_C \ ihe dị ka 5V
\]
2. Ịgbakọ Ugbua Onye Na-anakọta Ihe:
Enwere ike ịgbakọ oge nchịkọta site na iji iwu Ohm:
\[
I_C = \frac{V_{CC} – V_C}{R_C}
\]
Ịdochi ụkpụrụ:
\[
I_C = \frac{12V – 5V}{1000 Ω} = \frac{7V}{1000 Ω} = 7 \ederede{ mA}
\]
3. Ịgbakọ voltaji onye na-anakọta ihe:
Iji ugbu a agbakọrọ:
\[
V_C = V_{CC} – (I_C \times R_C) = 12V – (7 \text{mA} \times 1000 Ω) = 12V – 7V = 5V
\]
Ya mere, ugbu a nke onye na-anakọta ihe (IC) bụ 7 mA na voltaji onye na-anakọta ihe (V_C) bụ 5V.
Mmechi
Transistors bụ ihe ndị dị mkpa na eletrọniki, ha na-arụ ọrụ dị ka swiichi na amplifiers. Site n'ịghọta ihe atụ dị ka nke dị n'elu, anyị nwere ike itinye transistors n'ụdị sekit dị iche iche ngwa ngwa. Ịghọta paramita dị ka isi ugbu a, isi ugbu a, collector current, collector-emitter voltaji, na isi ugbu a gain (β) bụ nzọụkwụ dị mkpa na nhazi na nyocha nke sekit eletrọniki. Anyị nwere olileanya na isiokwu a enyerela aka n'ịmụbawanye ihe ọmụma anyị gbasara transistors!
